{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:22:45Z","timestamp":1777854165883,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyzes the statistical properties of real-world networks of people engaged in product development (PD) activities. We show that complex PD networks display similar statistical patterns to other real-world complex social, information, biological and technological networks. The paper lays out the foundations for understanding the properties of other intra- and inter-organizational networks that are realized by specific network architectures. The paper also provides a general framework towards characterizing the functionality, dynamics, robustness, and fragility of smart business networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]],"date-time":"2004-11-30T05:20:11Z","timestamp":1101792011000},"page":"244-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Information Flow Structure in Large-Scale Product Development Organizational Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Braha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earle P. Charlton College of Business, University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth, MA, USA;"},{"name":"New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Yaneer","family":"Bar-Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.47"},{"key":"bibr2-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43601"},{"key":"bibr3-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35019019"},{"key":"bibr4-palgrave.jit.2000030","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","author":"Alexander C.","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr5-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200327197"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr6-palgrave.jit.2000030","first-page":"177","volume":"138","author":"Austin S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers"},{"key":"bibr7-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509"},{"key":"bibr8-palgrave.jit.2000030","unstructured":"BrahaD. (2003). Socio-Technical Complex Networks, Lecture Notes, Tutorial presented at the 2003 ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Chicago, Illinois."},{"key":"bibr9-palgrave.jit.2000030","unstructured":"BrahaD., and Bar-YamY. (2004a). The Statistical Mechanics of Product Development, Technical Report, NECSI Technical Report 2004-09-01."},{"key":"bibr10-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.016113"},{"key":"bibr11-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2872-9"},{"key":"bibr12-palgrave.jit.2000030","unstructured":"CanchoR.F., and SoleR.V. (2001). SFI Working Paper 01-11-068."},{"key":"bibr13-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.10.1247"},{"key":"bibr14-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41166121"},{"key":"bibr15-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01588087"},{"key":"bibr16-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5486\/PMD.1959.6.3-4.12"},{"key":"bibr17-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/316194.316229"},{"key":"bibr18-palgrave.jit.2000030","first-page":"32767","volume":"63","author":"Ferrer R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"bibr19-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35075138"},{"key":"bibr20-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036627"},{"key":"bibr21-palgrave.jit.2000030","volume-title":"Making Markets: How Firms Can Design and Profit from Online Auctions and Exchanges","author":"Kambil A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr22-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106329303038029"},{"key":"bibr23-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2460"},{"key":"bibr24-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.138701"},{"key":"bibr25-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.016131"},{"key":"bibr26-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.016132"},{"key":"bibr27-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.404"},{"key":"bibr28-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr29-palgrave.jit.2000030","first-page":"49","volume":"40","author":"Nishiguchi T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"bibr30-palgrave.jit.2000030","volume-title":"Product Development Cycle Time Characterization Through Modeling of Process Iteration","author":"Osborne S.M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr31-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3683.510"},{"key":"bibr32-palgrave.jit.2000030","author":"Reitman V.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"bibr33-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.068701"},{"key":"bibr34-palgrave.jit.2000030","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"Simon H.A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr35-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.1981.6448589"},{"key":"bibr36-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35065725"},{"key":"bibr37-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2002-00248-2"},{"key":"bibr38-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30918"},{"key":"bibr39-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106329303034503"},{"key":"bibr40-palgrave.jit.2000030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-003-0036-2"},{"key":"bibr41-palgrave.jit.2000030","volume-title":"Social Network Analysis","author":"Wasserman S.","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:03:12Z","timestamp":1777503792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3962","1466-4437"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3962","type":"print"},{"value":"1466-4437","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}