{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:23:30Z","timestamp":1781594610753,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Operational Research Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]],"date-time":"2006-02-21T04:28:15Z","timestamp":1140496095000},"page":"856-867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Combining PSMs with hard OR methods: the philosophical and practical challenges"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Kotiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kent, Canterbury\rUK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mingers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kent, Canterbury\rUK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Critical Realism: Essential Readings","author":"Archer M","year":"1998","unstructured":"ArcherMBhaskarRCollierALawsonTNorrieACritical Realism: Essential Readings1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544129610531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047404599002080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"A Realist Theory of Science","author":"Bhaskar R","year":"1978","unstructured":"BhaskarRA Realist Theory of Science1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1995.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Multimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies","author":"Brocklesby J","year":"1997","unstructured":"BrocklesbyJBecoming multimethodology literature: an assessment of the cognitive difficulties of working across paradigmsMultimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies1997189216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown J Cooper C and Pidd M (2006). A taxing problem: The complementary use of hard and soft OR in the public sector. Eur J Oper Res forthcoming.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis","author":"Burrell G","year":"1979","unstructured":"BurrellGMorganGSociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","first-page":"A1","volume-title":"Systems Thinking, Systems Practice","author":"Checkland P","year":"1999","unstructured":"ChecklandPSoft systems methodology: a 30-year retrospectiveSystems Thinking, Systems Practice1999A1A66"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Systems Thinking, Systems Practice: Includes a 30-Year Retrospective","author":"Checkland P","year":"1999","unstructured":"ChecklandPSystems Thinking, Systems Practice: Includes a 30-Year Retrospective1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Soft Systems Methodology in Action: Includes a 30 Year Retrospective","author":"Checkland P","year":"1999","unstructured":"ChecklandPScholesJSoft Systems Methodology in Action: Includes a 30 Year Retrospective1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1727(199723)13:3<205::AID-SDR126>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Department of Health (2000). Shaping the Future NHS: Long Term Planning for Hospitals and Related Services. Department of Health: London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"Department of Health (2001a). Intermediate Care. HSC 2001\/01:LAC(2001)1 Department of Health: London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Department of Health (2001b). National Service Framework for Older People. LAC (2001)12 Department of Health: London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"Department of Health (2002). Guidance on the Single Assessment Process. HSC 2002\/001 Department of Health: London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(00)00066-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Doyle KG (1990). Modelling integrated information systems for institutions of higher education. M Phil thesis Bristol Polytechnic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"The Psychology of Language and Communication","author":"Ellis A","year":"1986","unstructured":"EllisABeattieGThe Psychology of Language and Communication1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Critical Realism in Action in Organizations and Management Studies","author":"Fleetwood S","year":"2004","unstructured":"FleetwoodSAckroydSCritical Realism in Action in Organizations and Management Studies2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Interpersonal Communication","author":"Hartley P","year":"1996","unstructured":"HartleyPInterpersonal Communication1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14769018200400031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Kuhn T","year":"1970","unstructured":"KuhnTThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00205-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146642409511500611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1996.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Multimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies","author":"Midgley G","year":"1997","unstructured":"MidgleyGMixing methods: developing systemic interventionMultimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies1997250290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0265-8_57","volume-title":"Systems for Sustainability: People, Organizations, and Environments","author":"Mingers J","year":"1997","unstructured":"MingersJCritical pluralism and multimethodology, post postmodernismSystems for Sustainability: People, Organizations, and Environments1997345352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Multimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies","author":"Mingers J","year":"1997","unstructured":"MingersJTowards critical pluralismMultimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies1997407440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-4708-8_12","volume-title":"World Views and the Problem of Synthesis","author":"Mingers J","year":"1999","unstructured":"MingersJSynthesising constructivism and critical realism: towards critical pluralismWorld Views and the Problem of Synthesis1999187204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3995.2000.tb00224.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.12.3.240.9709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited","author":"Mingers J","year":"2002","unstructured":"MingersJMultimethodology\u2014mixing and matching methodsRational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited2002289309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2003.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Multimethodology: towards a framework for critical pluralism","volume":"18","author":"Mingers J","year":"1996","unstructured":"MingersJBrocklesbyJMultimethodology: towards a framework for critical pluralismSystemist199618101132","journal-title":"Systemist"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0483(97)00018-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(03)00056-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Management and Organisational Behaviour","author":"Mullins LJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"MullinsLJManagement and Organisational Behaviour1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Multimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies","author":"Ormerod R","year":"1997","unstructured":"OrmerodRMixing methods in practice: a transformation-competence perspectiveMultimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies19972958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict","author":"Ormerod R","year":"2001","unstructured":"OrmerodRMixing methods in practiceRational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict2001289310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.28.4.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Systems Modelling: Theory and Practice","author":"Pidd M","year":"2004","unstructured":"PiddMBringing it all togetherSystems Modelling: Theory and Practice2004197207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Systems Modelling: Theory and Practice","author":"Pidd M","year":"2004","unstructured":"PiddMComplementarity in systems modellingSystems Modelling: Theory and Practice2004119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Rational Analysis for a Problematic World","author":"Rosenhead J","year":"1989","unstructured":"RosenheadJRational Analysis for a Problematic World1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Rational Analysis for a Problematic World","author":"Rosenhead J","year":"1999","unstructured":"RosenheadJRational Analysis for a Problematic World1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited","author":"Rosenhead J","year":"2001","unstructured":"RosenheadJMingersJRational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Women in Educational Administration","author":"Shakeshaft C","year":"1987","unstructured":"ShakeshaftCWomen in Educational Administration1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405849109543491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135272697345899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","volume-title":"Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches","author":"Tashakkori A","year":"1998","unstructured":"TashakkoriATeddlieCMixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6730.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Multimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies","author":"White L","year":"1997","unstructured":"WhiteLTaketACritiquing multimethodology as metamethodology: working towards pragmatic pluralismMultimethodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies1997379407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/017084069301400504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-4012(00)00051-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Operational Research Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:06:14Z","timestamp":1769720774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-5682","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-9360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}}}