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Openness is often deeply embedded in information technology (IT) and can be both a driver for and a result of innovative IT. To clarify the concept of \u201copenness\u201d, we provide an overview of the scope of cross-disciplinary research on openness. Based on this overview, we develop a framework of openness, which proposes a higher-order concept of \u201copenness\u201d characterised by transparency, access, participation and democracy. The framework further distinguishes open resources, open processes and the effects of opening on particular domains. To provide the historical context and to appreciate the role of IT in openness, we discuss two historical examples of openness: the introduction of an open science model in academia (openness without IT) and the emergence of open source software development (openness with IT). We conclude by highlighting some concerns with and limitations of \u201copenness\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1057\/s41265-017-0049-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T08:01:23Z","timestamp":1511164883000},"page":"297-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["\u201cOpenness\u201d with and without Information Technology: A Framework and a Brief History"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schlagwein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Conboy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland;"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;"}]},{"given":"Jan Marco","family":"Leimeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Kassel University, Kassel, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland;"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2010.0146"},{"key":"bibr2-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148845"},{"key":"bibr3-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0546"},{"key":"bibr4-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1562247"},{"key":"bibr5-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"The Wealth of Networks.","author":"Benkler Y.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr6-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2015.6"},{"key":"bibr7-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge","author":"Berger P.L.","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr8-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839212453028"},{"key":"bibr9-s41265-017-0049-3","author":"Birkinshaw J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"McKinsey Quarterly."},{"key":"bibr10-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1110.0678"},{"key":"bibr11-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02032-2_20"},{"key":"bibr12-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"A history of modern computing.","author":"Ceruzzi P.E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr13-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology.","author":"Chesbrough H.W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr14-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"Open Business Models: How to Thrive In the New Innovation Landscape.","author":"Chesbrough H.W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr15-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2010.10.007"},{"key":"bibr16-s41265-017-0049-3","volume-title":"Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities","author":"Crane D.","year":"1972","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr17-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00246"},{"key":"bibr18-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2010.01.013"},{"key":"bibr19-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dth023"},{"key":"bibr20-s41265-017-0049-3","first-page":"85","volume-title":"CODE: Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy","author":"David P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr21-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1932-0213.1040"},{"key":"bibr22-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024051"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr23-s41265-017-0049-3","first-page":"213","volume":"9","author":"Di Gangi P.M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly Executive"},{"key":"bibr24-s41265-017-0049-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EisenmannT., ParkerG., and van AlstyneM.W. 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