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For researchers in the field of antibiotic resistance, they are known as products of a highly antibiotic-dependent production system. Italy has one of the highest consumptions of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 244\u2009mg\/PCU. By contrast,<jats:italic>Sweden<\/jats:italic>has the lowest consumption of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 12.5\u2009mg\/PCU. Thus, the Italian level is about 20 times higher than the Swedish one. The<jats:italic>aim<\/jats:italic>of this paper is to pinpoint the role of antibiotics in the Swedish and Italian production systems. What are the underlying forces and the key features of the Swedish production system\u2014a system that can actually compensate for routine group treatment with antibiotics through precautionary health and biosecurity? What aspects are behind the different antibiotic consumption patterns in the Italian setting? We argue that the Swedish ability to compensate for routine prophylactic antibiotic group treatment was the outcome of an extensive interaction process: \u2018outsiders\u2019 increased the general awareness of routine antibiotic use by debating it in the media, and \u2018insiders\u2019 took the debate seriously and consequently acted to develop a production system that was able to compensate for routine use of antibiotics. Based on both the Swedish and Italian experiences, we argue that a legal ban on routine group treatment does not in itself guarantee a change. Those who are supposed to adopt must first share the ideas the legislation rests on; second, they must be prepared to invest in a change of material structures; third, they must foresee a \u2018fair\u2019 distribution of costs and benefits among producers and users\u2014that is, an economic context in which all players are incentivised to follow the same route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00852-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1626257014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Antibiotics in pig meat production: restrictions as the odd case and overuse as normality? 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