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Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a novel CDR approach with large mitigation potential. With undefined social and environmental costs, and evolving economic and governance systems, ERW raises issues for public acceptance. A literature gap exists regarding how local communities view the possibility of at-scale deployment in their area. We address this with data from five UK public workshops to identify conditions under which communities potentially impacted by ERW consider deployment fair and acceptable. We show that public acceptance is conditional upon place-sensitive deployment pathways that reflect how place is valued. Analysis highlights opportunities to minimise risk and maximise benefits experienced locally; the importance of transparent governance and monitoring; and unbiased, balanced communication of impacts. Conversely, our research also reveals conditions that might make deployment unacceptable to local communities, including being ineffective as a CDR, environmental contamination connected to ecosystems, the absence of remediation plans, and mitigation deterrence through false carbon accounting. Understanding and incorporating public perceptions and preferences into emergent governance systems is essential if they are to be fair, effective and representative of societal concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05384-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1751646041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Who pays for carbon dioxide removal? Public perceptions of risk and fairness of enhanced rock weathering in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1057","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Pidgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Henwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Shirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adger WN (2016) Place, well-being, and fairness shape priorities for adaptation to climate change. 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Ethical approval was obtained from Cardiff University School of Social Science Research Ethics Committee (SREC Approval Reference: 511) on 9.01.2024. This approval pertained to the public workshop element of the project (research aim, research design, participant recruitment, participant informed consent, data collection, data sharing and retention, health and safety and risk of harm).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Participants were provided with an information sheet detailing the aims of the research project at the point of recruitment. The information sheet details the contact details of the research team and participants can ask questions or request further information. Before the start of each workshop the participant information sheets, and consent forms were verbally outlined by the researcher. Participants were given time to consider this information and ask questions before giving their written informed consent before each workshop began. Informed consent pertained to the aim of the research, participant involvement in workshop activities, recording of the workshops and development of written transcriptions, data storage, retention periods, and data use (presentations, reports, publications, websites, broadcasts, and in teaching), and participant confidentiality and anonymisation. It was made clear to participants that they have the right to access any information they give at any time and that they have the right to ask for the information they give to be destroyed\/deleted. Participants were also informed that they could exit the workshop at any point or refuse to answer any questions if they wish to do so.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"1010"}}