{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T20:51:23Z","timestamp":1725569483029},"publisher-location":"London","reference-count":64,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan UK","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781349512393"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9780230287594"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"DOI":"10.1057\/9780230287594_8","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T09:07:28Z","timestamp":1463648848000},"page":"127-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u2018Mediating Sexual Difference\u2019: the Medical Understanding of Human Hermaphrodites in Eighteenth-century England"],"prefix":"10.1057","author":[{"given":"Palmira Fontes","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"8_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"L Daston","year":"1985","unstructured":"On hermaphrodites in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, see L. Daston and K. Park, \u2018Hermaphrodites in Renaissance France\u2019, Critical Matrix, 1 (1985), 1\u201319,","journal-title":"Critical Matrix"},{"key":"8_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1215\/10642684-1-4-419","volume":"1","author":"L Daston","year":"1995","unstructured":"and L. Daston and K. Park, \u2018The Hermaphrodite and the Orders of Nature: Sexual Ambiguity in Early Modern France\u2019, GLQ: a Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies, 1 (1995), 419\u201338.","journal-title":"GLQ: a Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies"},{"key":"8_CR3","first-page":"1183","volume-title":"Monster Theory: Reading Culture","author":"KP Long","year":"1996","unstructured":"See also K. P. Long, \u2018Hermaphrodites Newly Discovered: the Cultural Monsters of Sixteenth-Century France\u2019, in J. Cohen (ed.), Monster Theory: Reading Culture (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp. 1183\u2013201."},{"key":"8_CR4","first-page":"xxxix","volume-title":"A Mechanical and Critical Enquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites","author":"J Parsons","year":"1741","unstructured":"The principal exceptions were serving as a lawyer, a judge, or a rector of a university. See J. Parsons, A Mechanical and Critical Enquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites (London, 1741), pp. xxxix\u2013xl."},{"key":"8_CR5","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History","author":"R Trumbach","year":"1994","unstructured":"R. Trumbach, \u2018London\u2019s Sapphists: from Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture\u2019, in G. Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (Zone Books, 1994), pp. 112\u201341."},{"key":"8_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397503","volume":"17","author":"M Boylan","year":"1984","unstructured":"On Hippocratc and Aristotelian conception theories, see M. Boylan, \u2018The Galenic and Hippocratic Challenges to Aristotle\u2019s Conception Theory\u2019, Journal of the History of Biology, 17 (1984), 83\u2013112.","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Biology"},{"key":"8_CR7","volume-title":"Des Monstres et Prodiges","author":"A Par\u00e9","year":"1573","unstructured":"See A. Par\u00e9, Des Monstres et Prodiges (1573), J. C\u00e9ard (ed.) (Gen\u00e8ve: Librarie Droz, 1971), pp. 24\u20138;"},{"key":"8_CR8","volume-title":"Des hermaphrodites","author":"J Duval","year":"1682","unstructured":"J. Duval, Des hermaphrodites (Rouen, 1682);"},{"key":"8_CR9","volume-title":"Discours sur les hermaphrodites","author":"J Riolan","year":"1614","unstructured":"J. Riolan, Discours sur les hermaphrodites (Paris, 1614);"},{"key":"8_CR10","volume-title":"De hermaphroditorum monstrosorumque partum natura","author":"K Bauhin","year":"1614","unstructured":"K. Bauhin, De hermaphroditorum monstrosorumque partum natura (Oppenheim, 1614);"},{"key":"8_CR11","first-page":"453","volume-title":"La G\u00e9n\u00e9ration de l\u2019homme ou Tableau de l\u2019amour conjugal consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans l\u2019 \u00e9tat du marriage","author":"N Venette","year":"1687","unstructured":"and N. Venette, La G\u00e9n\u00e9ration de l\u2019homme ou Tableau de l\u2019amour conjugal consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans l\u2019 \u00e9tat du marriage (Paris, 1687) (The Mysteries of Conjugal Love Reveal\u2019d (London, 1707)), pp. 453\u201370."},{"key":"8_CR12","volume-title":"The Making of Man-midwifery: Childbirth in England, 1660\u20131770","author":"A Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"I am here specially referring to the eighteenth-century growing competition between midwives and man-midwives and between surgeons and physicians. See A. Wilson, The Making of Man-midwifery: Childbirth in England, 1660\u20131770 (London: UCL Press, 1995);"},{"key":"8_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004418394_013","volume-title":"The History of Medical Education in Britain","author":"S Lawrence","year":"1995","unstructured":"and S. Lawrence, \u2018Anatomy and Address: Creating Medical Gentlemen in Eighteenth-Century London\u2019, in V. Nutton and R. Porter (eds), The History of Medical Education in Britain (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), pp. 199\u2013228."},{"key":"8_CR14","first-page":"34","volume-title":"The Shows of London","author":"R Altick","year":"1978","unstructured":"See R. Altick, The Shows of London (London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 34\u201349."},{"key":"8_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/2739176","volume":"23","author":"L Schiebinger","year":"1990","unstructured":"See L. Schiebinger, \u2018The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science\u2019, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 23 (1990), 387\u2013405.","journal-title":"Eighteenth-Century Studies"},{"key":"8_CR16","volume-title":"Historie of Africa","author":"L Africanus","year":"1526","unstructured":"L. Africanus, Historie of Africa (London, 1526), widely available in Latin in England and translated in 1600 by J. Pory, was one of the influential works which contributed to the diffusion of these views."},{"key":"8_CR17","first-page":"483","volume-title":"The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Laurence Stone","author":"JJ Looney","year":"1989","unstructured":"This note is added in the advertisement after 10 March 1741. After being exhibited in London, \u2018The Famous African\u2019 went on display during York\u2019s race week. On eighteenth-century public exhibitions of this kind in the provinces, see J. J. Looney, \u2018Cultural Life in the Provinces: Leeds and York, 1720\u20131820\u2019, in A. L. Beier, D. Cannadine and J. M. Rosenheim (eds), The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Laurence Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 483\u2013510."},{"key":"8_CR18","volume-title":"Mythical Beasts","author":"J Cherry","year":"1995","unstructured":"On mythical monsters, see J. Cherry (ed.), Mythical Beasts (London: British Museum Press, 1995). On hermaphrodites in ancient Greece,"},{"key":"8_CR19","volume-title":"Hermaphrodite, mythes et rites de la bisexualit\u00e9 dans l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 classique","author":"M Delcourt","year":"1958","unstructured":"see M. Delcourt, Hermaphrodite, mythes et rites de la bisexualit\u00e9 dans l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1958)."},{"key":"8_CR20","first-page":"412","volume-title":"The Fabric of the Body: European Traditions of Anatomical Illustration","author":"KB Roberts","year":"1992","unstructured":"K. B. Roberts and J. D. W. Tomlinson, The Fabric of the Body: European Traditions of Anatomical Illustration (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), pp. 412 and 433."},{"key":"8_CR21","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Books and their Readers in the Eighteenth Century","author":"GS Rousseau","year":"1982","unstructured":"A letter written by an unnamed surgeon concerning Parsons\u2019 work on hermaphrodites was published in the Gentlemen\u2019s Magazine of February, 1744, p. 91. As I will show later, the work was also often mentioned in medical dictionaries and encyclopaedias of the period. On eighteenth-century readership of natural philosophical and natural historical books, see G. S. Rousseau, \u2018Science Books and their Readers in the Eighteenth Century\u2019, in I. Rivers (ed.), Books and their Readers in the Eighteenth Century (Leicester: Leicester University Press and St. Martin\u2019s Press, 1982), pp. 197\u2013256."},{"key":"8_CR22","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment","author":"P Wagner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Compare, for example, with A Treatise of the Use of Flogging in Venereal Affairs \u2026 to which is Added a Treatise of Hermaphrodites published by Edmund Curll in 1718. On eighteenth-century medical and paramedical erotic literature, see P. Wagner, \u2018The Discourse on Sex \u2014 or Sex as Discourse: Eighteenth-Century Medical and Paramedical Erotica\u2019, in G. S. Rousseau & R. Porter (eds), Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 46\u201368"},{"key":"8_CR23","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Eros Revived: Erotica of the Enlightenment in England and America","author":"GS Rousseau","year":"1988","unstructured":"and G. S. Rousseau and R. Porter, Eros Revived: Erotica of the Enlightenment in England and America (London: Secker & Warburg, 1988), especially pp. 1\u201347."},{"key":"8_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1739.0111","volume":"16","author":"J Parsons","year":"1739","unstructured":"See Add. MS 4437, British Library. This letter was also published in the Philosophical Transactions with slight modifications. See James Parsons, \u2018A Letter Giving a Short Account of a Mechanical Critical Inquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites\u2019, Philosophical Transactions, 16 (1739\u201340), pp. 650\u20132.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions"},{"key":"8_CR25","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Prints and Visual Communications","author":"W Ivins","year":"1989","unstructured":"As William Ivins has remarked, \u2018The lines used in the process of engraving could be very fine and very close together, as compared to those on any wood-blook, and still yield a sufficient quantity of clear impressions on the paper available\u2019. W. Ivins, Prints and Visual Communications (Cambridge, MA & London: MIT, 1989), p. 165. On the role of visual representations in the validation of extraordinary phenomena of nature,"},{"key":"8_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-3681(02)00012-2","volume":"33","author":"PF Costa da","year":"2002","unstructured":"see P. Fontes da Costa, \u2018The Making of Extraordinary Facts: Authentication of Singularities of Nature at the Royal Society of London in the Eighteenth Century\u2019, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 33 (2002), 265\u201388.","journal-title":"Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"8_CR27","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Nature Displayed: Gender, Science and Medicine, 1760\u20131820","author":"L Jordanova","year":"1999","unstructured":"On the use of the fragmented female body in anatomical illustrations, see L. Jordanova, \u2018Gender, Generation and Science: William Hunter\u2019s Obstetrical Atlas\u2019, in Nature Displayed: Gender, Science and Medicine, 1760\u20131820 (London and New York: Longman, 1999), pp. 183\u2013202;"},{"key":"8_CR28","first-page":"84","volume-title":"The Quick and the Dead: Artists and Anatomy","author":"D Petherbridge","year":"1998","unstructured":"and D. Petherbridge and L. Jordanova, The Quick and the Dead: Artists and Anatomy (London: National Touring Exhibitions, 1998), pp. 84\u20136."},{"key":"8_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/2928741","volume":"15","author":"L Daston","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison have recently shown the widespread use, in the eighteenth century and beyond, of representations of individual cases as exemplary and illustrative of broader classes of phenomena, which they label \u2018characteristic images\u2019. See L. Daston and P. Galison, \u2018The Image of Objectivity\u2019, Representations, 15 (1992), 81\u2013128, especially, pp. 93\u20138.","journal-title":"Representations"},{"key":"8_CR30","first-page":"319","volume-title":"The Anatomy of the Human Body","author":"W Cheselden","year":"1722","unstructured":"W. Cheselden, The Anatomy of the Human Body (London, 1722 and 1741), p. 319."},{"key":"8_CR31","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Inventing Human Science: Eighteenth-century Domains","author":"Jordanova","year":"1995","unstructured":"As Ludmilla Jordanova has remarked, \u2018It may be that the sex\/gender distinction has little relevance for the eighteenth century, although certainly there were attempts to differentiate between inherent and acquired characters. But the idea that there were two kinds of difference (gender, sex) between men and women was foreign to them\u2019. Jordanova , \u2018Sex and Gender\u2019, in C. Fox, R. Porter and R. Wolker (eds), Inventing Human Science: Eighteenth-century Domains (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 156."},{"key":"8_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087400031472","volume":"26","author":"L Jordanova","year":"1993","unstructured":"See also L. Jordanova, \u2018Gender and the Historiography of Science\u2019, British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993), 469\u201383;","journal-title":"British Journal for the History of Science"},{"key":"8_CR33","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies","author":"D Lupton","year":"1994","unstructured":"and D. Lupton, Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies (London: Sage Publications, 1994), pp. 24\u201330."},{"key":"8_CR34","volume-title":"Herculine Barbin: Being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth-century french hermaphrodite","author":"M Foucault","year":"1978","unstructured":"M. Foucault, \u2018Introduction\u2019, in Herculine Barbin: Being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth-century french hermaphrodite (1978), trans. Richard McDougall (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1980)."},{"key":"8_CR35","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The History of Sexuality","author":"M Foucault","year":"1976","unstructured":"See also M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality (1976), trans. R. Hurley (London: Penguin Books, 1990), especially vol. I, pp. 3\u201313."},{"key":"8_CR36","volume-title":"Discours sur les hermaphrodites","author":"J Riolan","year":"1614","unstructured":"J. Riolan the younger, Discours sur les hermaphrodites (Paris, 1614)."},{"key":"8_CR37","first-page":"171","volume-title":"The Body in Parts: Fantasies of Corporeality in Early Modern Europe","author":"K Park","year":"1997","unstructured":"For a comparison with the previous period, see K. Park, \u2018The Rediscovery of the Clitoris: French Medicine and the Tribade, 1570\u20131620\u2019, in D. Hillman and C. Mazzio (eds), The Body in Parts: Fantasies of Corporeality in Early Modern Europe (New York and London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 171\u201393; L. Daston and K. Park, \u2018Hermaphrodites in Renaissance France\u2019, and \u2018The Hermaphrodite\u2019."},{"key":"8_CR38","first-page":"495","volume-title":"The Sciences in Enlightened Europe","author":"L Daston","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parsons, Enquiry, p. iv. On the ethos of the Enlightenment, see L. Daston, \u2018Afterword: the Ethos of the Enlightenment\u2019, in W. Clark, J. Golinski, and S. Schaffer (eds), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999), pp. 495\u2013504."},{"key":"8_CR39","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Fragments for a History of the Body","author":"T Laqueur","year":"1990","unstructured":"Par\u00e9, Des Monstres et Prodiges, p. 27. On the excision of the clitoris as \u2018corrective surgery\u2019, see T. Laqueur, \u2018Amor Veneris, vel Dulcedo Appeletur\u2019, in M. Feher, R. Naddaff and N. Tazi (eds), Fragments for a History of the Body (New York: Zone, 1990), pp. 113\u201320; and Park, \u2018The Rediscovery of the Clitoris\u2019, pp. 183\u20134."},{"key":"8_CR40","first-page":"466","volume-title":"A Dissertation on Hermaphrodites","author":"G Arnaud","year":"1750","unstructured":"G. Arnaud, A Dissertation on Hermaphrodites (London, 1750), p. 466. Arnaud performed a surgical operation on the genitals of an \u2018hermaphrodite\u2019 patient of his. See ibid., pp. 463\u20135."},{"key":"8_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1685.0069","volume":"15","author":"G Ash","year":"1685","unstructured":"Royal Society\u2019s Journal Books, 13 May 1736. See also, G. Ash, \u2018A Letter Concerning a Girl in Ireland with Horny Excrescences\u2019, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 15 (1685), 1202\u20134;","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"8_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1791.0008","volume":"81","author":"E Home","year":"1791","unstructured":"and E. Home, \u2018Observations on Certain Horny Excrescences of the Human Body\u2019, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 81 (1791), 95\u2013105.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"8_CR43","volume-title":"The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the most Important Parts of the Human Body","author":"M Baillie","year":"1793","unstructured":"Mathew Baillie includes in his work cases of \u2018the hymen imperforated\u2019, \u2018the clitoris enlarged\u2019, and \u2018the external labia growing together\u2019. See M. Baillie, The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the most Important Parts of the Human Body (London, 1793), ch. 22."},{"key":"8_CR44","first-page":"3621","volume-title":"Encyclopaedia Britannica","year":"1781","unstructured":"J. Fytler (ed.), Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2nd edn (London, 1781), vol. V, pp. 3621\u20133.","edition":"2"},{"key":"8_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1779.0020","volume":"69","author":"J Hunter","year":"1779","unstructured":"J. Hunter, \u2018Account of the Free Martin\u2019, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 69 (1779), 279\u201393.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"8_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1780.0030","volume":"70","author":"J Hunter","year":"1780","unstructured":"J. Hunter, \u2018Account of an Extraordinary Pheasant\u2019, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 70 (1780), 527\u201335.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"8_CR47","volume-title":"Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex","author":"A Dreger","year":"1998","unstructured":"A. Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1998)."},{"key":"8_CR48","volume-title":"Sexuality: an Illustrated History","author":"SL Gilman","year":"1989","unstructured":"\u2018Anyone who does not take after his parents is really in a way a monstrosity, since in these cases Nature has in a way strayed from the generic type. The first beginning of this deviation is when a female is formed instead of a male, though this indeed is a necessity required by Nature, since the race of creatures which are separated into male and female has got to be kept in being\u2019. Aristotle, Generation of Animals, trans. A. L. Peck (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 401. On the notion of the female body as \u2018pathologized\u2019, see Sander L. Gilman, Sexuality: an Illustrated History (New York\/Chichester: Wiley, 1989), especially ch. 6."},{"key":"8_CR49","volume-title":"Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud","author":"T Laqueur","year":"1990","unstructured":"See also T. Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990),"},{"key":"8_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/hwj\/20.1.101","volume":"20","author":"S Tomaselli","year":"1985","unstructured":"especially ch. 5. On representations of women in the Enlightenment, see S. Tomaselli, \u2018The Enlightenment Debate on Women\u2019, History Workshop Journal, 20 (1985), 101\u201324.","journal-title":"History Workshop Journal"},{"key":"8_CR51","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Crossing Gender Boundaries in Eighteenth-Century England","author":"LK Friedli","year":"1987","unstructured":"See Also L. K. Friedli, \u2018Crossing Gender Boundaries in Eighteenth-Century England\u2019, unpublished PhD Dissertation (University of Essex, 1987), pp. 168\u2013261."},{"key":"8_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/jsh\/11.1.1","volume":"11","author":"R Trumbach","year":"1977","unstructured":"On sodomy in the eighteenth century, see R. Trumbach, \u2018London\u2019s Sodomites: Homosexual Behaviour and Western Culture in the Eighteenth Century\u2019, Journal of Social History, 11 (1977), 1\u201333; and idem, \u2018London\u2019s Sapphists\u2019.","journal-title":"Journal of Social History"},{"key":"8_CR53","volume-title":"Passions Between Women: British Lesbian Culture, 1668\u20131801","author":"E Donoghue","year":"1993","unstructured":"On tribadism, see E. Donoghue, Passions Between Women: British Lesbian Culture, 1668\u20131801 (London: Scarlet Press, 1993), especially Ch. 1;"},{"key":"8_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1215\/10642684-2-1_and_2-81","volume":"2","author":"V Traub","year":"1995","unstructured":"and V. Traub, \u2018The Psychomorphology of the Clitoris\u2019, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies, 2 (1995), 81\u2013113.","journal-title":"GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies"},{"volume-title":"Secret Sexualites: a Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing","year":"1997","unstructured":"For primary sources, see Ian McCormick (ed.), Secret Sexualites: a Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing (London and New York: Routledge, 1997).","key":"8_CR55"},{"key":"8_CR56","first-page":"191","volume-title":"The Essays","author":"F Bacon","year":"1985","unstructured":"In his essay \u2018On Deformity\u2019, Francis Bacon had explicitly described physical monstrosity as a cause of moral monstrosity, F. Bacon, The Essays, J. Pitcher (ed.) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), p. 191."},{"key":"8_CR57","volume-title":"Deformity: an Essay","author":"W Hay","year":"1754","unstructured":"For an apology of physical deformity, see W. Hay, Deformity: an Essay (Dublin, 1754)."},{"key":"8_CR58","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Deformit\u00e4t als Metapher: ihre Bedeutung und Rezeption im England des 18. Jahrunderts","author":"U Bolte","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hay was himself physically deformed. For a comprehensive bibliography on the subject, see U. Bolte, Deformit\u00e4t als Metapher: ihre Bedeutung und Rezeption im England des 18. Jahrunderts (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1993), pp. 205\u201343."},{"key":"8_CR59","first-page":"1","volume-title":"In Frankenstein\u2019s Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-century Writing","author":"C Baldick","year":"1987","unstructured":"On the relationship between physical and moral deformity in English literature, see C. Baldick, In Frankenstein\u2019s Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-century Writing (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), pp. 1\u201310;"},{"key":"8_CR60","volume-title":"Imagining Monsters: Miscreations of the Self in Eighteenth-century England","author":"D Todd","year":"1995","unstructured":"and D. Todd, Imagining Monsters: Miscreations of the Self in Eighteenth-century England (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1995), especially ch. 7."},{"key":"8_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400860333.59","volume-title":"The Culture of Print: Power and the Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe","author":"R Chartier","year":"1989","unstructured":"See R. Chartier, \u2018The Hanged Woman Miraculously Saved: An Occasionel\u2019, in R. Chartier (ed.), The Culture of Print: Power and the Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe, trans. L. G. Cochrane (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), pp. 59\u201391."},{"key":"8_CR62","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Onanism; or, a Treatise upon the Disorders produced by Masturbation","author":"SAD Tissot","year":"1760","unstructured":"S. A. D. Tissot, Onanism; or, a Treatise upon the Disorders produced by Masturbation (1760), trans. A. Hume (London, 1766), p. 163."},{"key":"8_CR63","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Languages of Nature: Critical Essays on Science and Literature","author":"AE Pilkington","year":"1986","unstructured":"On the authority of nature in the Enlightenment, see A. E. Pilkington, \u2018Nature as Ethical Norm in the Enlightenment\u2019, in L. Jordanova (ed.), Languages of Nature: Critical Essays on Science and Literature (London: Free Association Books, 1986), pp. 51\u201385;"},{"key":"8_CR64","first-page":"503","volume-title":"The Sciences in Enlightened Europe","author":"L Daston","year":"1999","unstructured":"and L. Daston, \u2018Afterwod: the Ethos of the Enlightenment\u2019, in W. Clark, J. Golinski, and S. Schaffer (eds), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999), pp. 503\u20134."}],"container-title":["Cultural Approaches to the History of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/9780230287594_8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T03:00:20Z","timestamp":1600570820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/9780230287594_8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"ISBN":["9781349512393","9780230287594"],"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9780230287594_8","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004]]}}}