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Darwin, \u2018What was the late-colonial state?\u2019, Itinerario, 23, 3\u20134, 1999, pp. 73\u201382;","journal-title":"Itinerario"},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/S0165115300024608","volume":"3","author":"M Newitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"M. Newitt, \u2018The late colonial state in Portuguese Africa\u2019, Itinerario, 3\/4, 1999, pp. 110\u201322.","journal-title":"Itinerario"},{"key":"3_CR6","first-page":"65","volume-title":"The Making of Modern Portugal","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2013","unstructured":"For the evolution of the colonial state in the \u2018Third\u2019 Portuguese colonial empire, see M. B. Jeronimo, \u2018The states of empire\u2019, in L. Trindade, ed., The Making of Modern Portugal, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, pp. 65\u2013101."},{"key":"3_CR7","volume-title":"Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Tailed","author":"J Scott","year":"1988","unstructured":"For a more general and rich contribution, see J. Scott, Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Tailed, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1988."},{"key":"3_CR8","volume-title":"Portugal e o Tim do Colonialismo: Dimens\u00f5es Internacionais","year":"2014","unstructured":"A recent book expanded these approaches: M. B. Jeronimo and A. C. Pinto, eds, Portugal e o Tim do Colonialismo: Dimens\u00f5es Internacionais, Lisbon, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70, 2014."},{"key":"3_CR9","volume-title":"International Development and the Social Sciences: Tssays in the History and Politics of Knowledge","year":"1997","unstructured":"For the case of international development see F. Cooper and R. Packard, eds, International Development and the Social Sciences: Tssays in the History and Politics of Knowledge, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1997;"},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817991","volume-title":"The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times","author":"OA Westad","year":"2005","unstructured":"for the globalization and localization of Cold War dynamics, see the now classic O. A. Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005,"},{"key":"3_CR11","volume-title":"The Cold War in the Third World","year":"2013","unstructured":"and the collective assessment in R. J. McMahon, ed., The Cold War in the Third World, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013."},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230358638","volume-title":"Human Rights, Development and Decolonization: The International Labour Organization, 1940\u201370","author":"DR Maul","year":"2012","unstructured":"For one example of the role of one international organization and late colonialism and decolonization see D. R. Maul, Human Rights, Development and Decolonization: The International Labour Organization, 1940\u201370, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012."},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-10544-1","volume-title":"European Imperialism, 1860\u20131914","author":"A Porter","year":"1994","unstructured":"The emphasis on metropolitan or metro-centric dimensions is a notorious tendency in the study of imperial and colonial formations. For instance, see A. Porter, European Imperialism, 1860\u20131914, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994."},{"key":"3_CR14","volume-title":"A Social Theory of the Nation State: The Political Torms of Modernity beyond Methodological Nationalism","author":"D Chernilo","year":"2007","unstructured":"For an overview of the problem in social theory and in sociological literature see D. Chernilo, A Social Theory of the Nation State: The Political Torms of Modernity beyond Methodological Nationalism, London, Routledge, 2007."},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5699\/portstudies.29.2.0142","volume":"29","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2013","unstructured":"For an example of the benefits that can result from the incorporation of international, transnational and inter-imperial connections and dynamics see M. B. Jeronimo and J. P. Monteiro, \u2018Internationalism and the labours of the Portuguese colonial empire (1945\u20131974)\u2019, Portuguese Studies, 29, 2, 2013, pp. 142\u2013163.","journal-title":"Portuguese Studies"},{"key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511491306","volume-title":"Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, Humanitarian Intervention","author":"N Crawford","year":"2002","unstructured":"See, for instance, the diverse possible understandings proposed by N. Crawford, Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, Humanitarian Intervention, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002;"},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.4256613","volume-title":"A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929\u20131946","author":"M Callahan","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. Callahan, A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929\u20131946, Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2004;"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195176155.001.0001","volume-title":"The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism","author":"E Manela","year":"2007","unstructured":"E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007."},{"key":"3_CR19","volume-title":"Colonialism and its Torms of Knowledge: The British in India","author":"BS Cohn","year":"1996","unstructured":"In different measures and degrees of elaboration, we may argue, of course, that all these investigative modalities were part of previous imperial and colonial repertoires of rule. We are essentially interested in analysing their mid-20th century formulations and manifestations. For the notion and the types of investigative modalities see B. S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Torms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1996."},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1086\/649330","volume":"15","author":"C Bonneuil","year":"2000","unstructured":"For an overview see C. Bonneuil, \u2018Development as experiment: Science and state building in late colonial and. postcolonial Africa, 1930\u20131970\u2019, Osiris, 15, 2000, pp. 258\u2013281.","journal-title":"Osiris"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/0952-1895.591998059","volume":"11","author":"C Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"The importance of state traditions \u2014 especially the metropolitan one, which \u2018shaped the subliminal premises of statecraft by colonial state agents\u2019, is mentioned by C. Young, \u2018The African colonial state revisited\u2019, Governance, 11, 1, 1998, p. 109.","journal-title":"Governance"},{"key":"3_CR22","volume-title":"Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference","author":"J Burbank","year":"2010","unstructured":"For the notion of politics of difference see J. Burbank and F. Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2010."},{"key":"3_CR23","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Modernizing bureaucrats","author":"F Cooper","year":"1997","unstructured":"F. Cooper, \u2018Modernizing bureaucrats\u2019, 1997, p. 64."},{"key":"3_CR24","first-page":"xxix","volume-title":"An African Survey","author":"M Hailey","year":"1938","unstructured":"For its history see M. 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For the formation of scientific knowledge in Portugal related to imperial affairs, see F. \u00c1goas, \u2018Estado, universidade e ci\u00eancias sociais: A introdu\u00e7\u00e3o da sociologia na Escola Superior Colonial (1952\u20131972)\u2019"},{"key":"3_CR27","first-page":"317","volume-title":"O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial em Quest\u00e3o (Secs XIX\u2013XX): Poderes, Saberes e Institui\u00e7\u00f5es","author":"C Castelo","year":"2012","unstructured":"and C. Castelo, \u2018Ci\u00eancia, estado e desenvolvimento no colonialismo portugu\u00eas tardio\u2019, in M. B. Jeronimo, ed., O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial em Quest\u00e3o (Secs XIX\u2013XX): Poderes, Saberes e Institui\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70, 2012, pp. 317\u2013347, 349\u2013387."},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3917\/gen.057.0110","volume":"57","author":"P-Y Saunier","year":"2004","unstructured":"For the circulatory regimes and the epistemic communities, see P.-Y. Saunier, \u2018Circulations, connexions et espaces transnationaux\u2019, Gen\u00e8ses, 57, 4, 2004, pp. 110\u2013126;","journal-title":"Gen\u00e8ses"},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3917\/gen.071.0004","volume":"71","author":"P-Y Saunier","year":"2008","unstructured":"P.-Y. Saunier, \u2018Les r\u00e9gimes circulatoires du domaine social 1800\u20131940: Projets et ing\u00e9nierie de la convergence et de la diff\u00e9rence\u2019, Gen\u00e8ses, 71, 2, 2008, pp. 4\u201325;","journal-title":"Gen\u00e8ses"},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3917\/gen.071.0026","volume":"71","author":"S Kott","year":"2008","unstructured":"S. Kott, \u2018Une \u2018communaut\u00e9 \u00e9pist\u00e9mique\u2019 du social? Experts de l\u2019OIT et internationalisation des politiques sociales dans l\u2019entre-deux-guerres\u2019, Gen\u00e8ses, 71, 2, 2008, pp. 26\u201346.","journal-title":"Gen\u00e8ses"},{"key":"3_CR31","first-page":"261","volume-title":"O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial em Quest\u00e3o","author":"V Pereira","year":"2012","unstructured":"There were four development plans: 1953\u201358; 1959\u201364; 1965\u20131967; and 1968\u201373. V. Pereira, \u2018A economia do imp\u00e9rio e os pianos de fomento\u2019, in Jeronimo, ed., O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial em Quest\u00e3o, 2012, pp. 261\u2013295."},{"key":"3_CR32","volume-title":"Protected Villages and Communal Villages in the Mozambican Province of Tete (1968\u20131982): A History of State Resettlement Policies, Development and War","author":"JPB Coelho","year":"1993","unstructured":"For a rich example see J. P. B. Coelho, Protected Villages and Communal Villages in the Mozambican Province of Tete (1968\u20131982): A History of State Resettlement Policies, Development and War, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Bradford, 1993."},{"key":"3_CR33","first-page":"12","volume-title":"History of East Africa","author":"DA Low","year":"1976","unstructured":"For the second colonial occupation see D. A. Low and J. Lonsdale, \u2018Towards the new order, 1945\u20131963\u2019, in D. A. Low and A. Smith, eds, History of East Africa, vol. III, Oxford, Clarendon, 1976, p. 12."},{"key":"3_CR34","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Colonial Development and Good Government: A Study of the Ideas Expressed by the British Official Classes in Planning Decolonization 1939\u20131964","author":"JM Lee","year":"1967","unstructured":"For the good government see J. M. Lee, Colonial Development and Good Government: A Study of the Ideas Expressed by the British Official Classes in Planning Decolonization 1939\u20131964, Oxford, Clarendon, 1967, p. 3."},{"key":"3_CR35","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present","author":"V Hewitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"For a critical appraisal of its history see V. Hewitt, \u2018Empire, international development and the concept of good government\u2019, in M. Dullield and V. Hewitt, eds, Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present, Woodbridge, James Currey, 2013, pp. 30\u201344. A comparative assessment of this history has still to be done."},{"key":"3_CR36","volume-title":"El Espacio Pol\u00edtico","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2007","unstructured":"See M. B. Jeronimo, \u2018Geografias vitais: A imagina\u00e7\u00e3o (geo)pol\u00edtica do novo imperialismo europeu (1870\u20131920)\u2019, in \u00c2. Rivero and J. M. Hern\u00e1ndez, eds, El Espacio Pol\u00edtico, forthcoming, D. Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860\u20131900, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2007;"},{"key":"3_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226773858.001.0001","volume-title":"The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars","author":"G Wilder","year":"2005","unstructured":"G. Wilder, The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2005, pp. 24\u201340."},{"key":"3_CR38","first-page":"37","volume":"2356","author":"JF Bossa","year":"1945","unstructured":"See decree-laws 2016, 29 May 1949 and 2048, 11 June 1951. J. F. Bossa, \u2018Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica das prov\u00edncias ultramarinas\u2019, Boletim Geral das Col\u00f3nias, 2356, 1945, pp. 37\u201371.","journal-title":"Boletim Geral das Col\u00f3nias"},{"key":"3_CR39","volume-title":"Estudo de Base sobre o Ordenamento e Coordena\u00e7\u00e2o dos Servi\u00e7os e Organismos Executivos da Pol\u00edtica Econ\u00f3mica Nacional de \u00c2mbito Ultramarino","author":"V Loll","year":"1960","unstructured":"See also V. Loll, Estudo de Base sobre o Ordenamento e Coordena\u00e7\u00e2o dos Servi\u00e7os e Organismos Executivos da Pol\u00edtica Econ\u00f3mica Nacional de \u00c2mbito Ultramarino, Lisbon, Centro de Estudos Pol\u00edticos e Sociais, 1960;"},{"key":"3_CR40","volume-title":"Tendencias de la Legislaci\u00f3n Ultramarina Portuguesa en \u00c1frica","author":"AH Wilensky","year":"1968","unstructured":"A. H. Wilensky, Tendencias de la Legislaci\u00f3n Ultramarina Portuguesa en \u00c1frica, Braga, PAX, 1968;"},{"key":"3_CR41","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Salazar e o Salazarismo","author":"AED Silva","year":"1989","unstructured":"A. E. D. Silva, \u2018Salazar e a pol\u00eftica colonial do Estado Novo: O Acto Colonial (1930\u20131961)\u2019, in Salazar e o Salazarismo, Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989, pp. 101\u2013152."},{"key":"3_CR42","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Hist\u00f4ria da Expans\u00e3o Portuguesa","author":"Y L\u00e9onard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salazar\u2019s speech of 11 July 1947, quoted in Y. L\u00e9onard, \u2018O ultramar portu-gu\u00eas\u2019, in F. Bethencourt and K. Chaudhuri, Hist\u00f4ria da Expans\u00e3o Portuguesa, Vol. V: Ultimo Imp\u00e9rio e Recentramento (1930\u20131998), Lisbon: C\u00edrculo de Leitores, 1999, p. 34."},{"key":"3_CR43","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Portugal e o Direito Colonial International","author":"M Caetano","year":"1948","unstructured":"M. Caetano, Portugal e o Direito Colonial International, Lisbon, Olicinas Gr\u00e1ficas Casa Portuguesa, 1948, p. 203."},{"key":"3_CR44","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Empires and Boundaries: Rethinking Race, Class, and Gender in Colonial Settings","author":"F Cooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"For the French case see F. Cooper, \u2018Citizenship and the politics of difference in French Africa, 1946\u20131960\u2019, in H. Fischer-Tin\u00e9 and S. Gehrmann, eds, Empires and Boundaries: Rethinking Race, Class, and Gender in Colonial Settings, New York, NY, Routledge, 2009, pp. 107\u2013128."},{"key":"3_CR45","first-page":"5","volume":"30","author":"AED Silva","year":"1995","unstructured":"For the relationship between Portugal and the UN see A. E. D. Silva, \u2018O lit\u00edgio entre Portugal e a ONU (1960\u20131974)\u2019, An\u00e1lise Social, 30, 130, 1995, pp. 5\u201350;","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"3_CR46","first-page":"189","volume":"18","author":"F Martins","year":"1998","unstructured":"F. Martins, \u2018A pol\u00eftica externa do Estado Novo: O ultramar e a ONU. Uma doutrina historico-jur\u00eddica (1955\u201368)\u2019, Pen\u00e9lope, 18, 1998, pp. 189\u2013206.","journal-title":"Pen\u00e9lope"},{"key":"3_CR47","volume-title":"Dicion\u00e1rio de Hist\u00f3ria do Estado Novo","author":"JC Paulo","year":"1996","unstructured":"For a synthesis see J. C. Paulo, \u2018Minist\u00e9rio das colonias\/ultramar\u2019, in F. Rosas and B. de Brito, , vol. II, Lisbon, Bertrand, 1996."},{"key":"3_CR48","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Administrando o imp\u00e9rio: o Minist\u00e9rio das colonias\/ultramar (1930\u20131974)","author":"C Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"For the GNP see C. Silva, \u2018Administrando o imp\u00e9rio: o Minist\u00e9rio das colonias\/ultramar (1930\u20131974)\u2019, unpublished doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2008, pp. 70\u201380."},{"key":"3_CR49","volume-title":"A PIDE\/DGS na Guerra Colonial (1961\u20131974)","author":"DC Mateus","year":"2004","unstructured":"For the PIDE see D. C. Mateus, A PIDE\/DGS na Guerra Colonial (1961\u20131974), Lisbon, Terramar, 2004."},{"key":"3_CR50","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Administrando o Imp\u00e9rio","author":"Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Decree-Law 41169, 29 June 1957; Decree-Law 45259, 21 September 1963. See Silva, Administrando o Imp\u00e9rio, 2008, pp. 56\u201359."},{"key":"3_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003975600004239","volume":"25","author":"M Mann","year":"1984","unstructured":"For the notion of infrastructural power of the state see M. Mann, \u2018The autonomous power of the state: Its origins, mechanisms and results\u2019, European Journal of Sociology, 25, 1984, pp. 185\u2013213.","journal-title":"European Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"3_CR52","first-page":"110","volume-title":"The Late Colonial State","author":"Jeronimo","year":"1999","unstructured":"See Jeronimo, \u2018The states of empire\u2019, 2012, pp. 81\u20132; Newitt, \u2018The Late Colonial State\u2019, 1999, pp. 110\u201322. For an informative coeval appraisal see, among others, N. A. Bailey, \u2018Government and administration\u2019 and \u2018The political process and interest groups\u2019, in D. M. Abshire and M. A. Samuels, eds, Portuguese Africa: A Handbook, New York, NY, Praeger, pp. 133\u201345, 146\u201364."},{"key":"3_CR53","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Living with Ambiguity: Portuguese and French Colonial Administrators, Mutual Influences, and the Question of Integrating an African Elite, 1930\u20131963","author":"A Keese","year":"2007","unstructured":"For a historical comparative account of the forms and processes of integration of native elites see A. Keese, Living with Ambiguity: Portuguese and French Colonial Administrators, Mutual Influences, and the Question of Integrating an African Elite, 1930\u20131963, Stuttgart, Steiner, 2007, pp. 111\u201375."},{"key":"3_CR54","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Imp\u00e9rio Ultramarino Portugu\u00eas: Monografia do Imp\u00e9rio","author":"H Galv\u00e3o","year":"1950","unstructured":"See H. Galv\u00e3o and C. Selvagem, Imp\u00e9rio Ultramarino Portugu\u00eas: Monografia do Imp\u00e9rio, vol. III: Angola, Lisbon, Empresa Nacional de Publicidade, 1950, pp. 236, 350."},{"key":"3_CR55","volume-title":"O Posto Administrativo na Vida do Ind\u00edgena","author":"RA Fernandes","year":"1953","unstructured":"R A. Fernandes, O Posto Administrativo na Vida do Ind\u00edgena, Lisbon, Europa-Am\u00e9rica, 1953."},{"key":"3_CR56","first-page":"105","volume-title":"African colonial state","author":"Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young, \u2018African colonial state\u2019, 1998, pp. 105\u20136."},{"key":"3_CR57","volume-title":"Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth Century Colonialism","year":"2014","unstructured":"For a recent overview of the debates over colonial development in Portugal see Cl\u00e1udia Castelo, \u2018Developing \u201cPortuguese Africa\u201d in late colonialism: confronting discourses\u2019, in Joseph Hodge, Gerald Hodl and Martina Kopf, eds, Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth Century Colonialism, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2014."},{"key":"3_CR58","volume-title":"La Mise en Valeur des Colonies Fran\u00e7aises","author":"A Sarraut","year":"1923","unstructured":"For the classic account see A. Sarraut, La Mise en Valeur des Colonies Fran\u00e7aises, Paris, Payot, 1923."},{"key":"3_CR59","volume-title":"Livros Brancos, Almas Negras: A \u2018Miss\u00e2o Civilizadora\u2019 do Colonialismo Portugu\u00eas (c. 1870\u20131930)","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2010","unstructured":"For the civilizing mission question see M. B. Jeronimo, Livros Brancos, Almas Negras: A \u2018Miss\u00e2o Civilizadora\u2019 do Colonialismo Portugu\u00eas (c. 1870\u20131930), Lisbon, ICS, 2010."},{"key":"3_CR60","volume-title":"\u2018O Modo Portugu\u00eas de Estar no Mundo\u2019: O Luso-tropicalismo e a Ideologia Colonial Portuguesa (1933\u20131961)","author":"C Castelo","year":"1999","unstructured":"For lusotropicalism, see C. Castelo, \u2018O Modo Portugu\u00eas de Estar no Mundo\u2019: O Luso-tropicalismo e a Ideologia Colonial Portuguesa (1933\u20131961), Oporto, Afrontamento, 1999. Freyre went to Portugal and to the Portuguese colonies in 1951\u20131952. As a result he published Aventura e Rotina: Sugest\u00f5es de uma Viagem a Procura das Constantes Portuguesas de Car\u00e1cter e Ac\u00e7\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro, Jos\u00e9 Olympio, 1953."},{"key":"3_CR61","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. B. Jeronimo, \u2018The \u201ccivilization guild\u201d: Race and labour in the Third Portuguese Empire c. 1870\u20131930\u2019, in F. Bethencourt and A. Pearce, eds, Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World, London, Oxford University Press\/British Academy, 2012, pp. 173\u201399;"},{"key":"3_CR62","first-page":"159","volume-title":"O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. B. Jeronimo and J. P. Monteiro, \u2018On \u201cthe difficulties to make the natives work\u201d: The \u201csystem\u201d of indigenous labour in the Portuguese colonial empire\u2019, in Jeronimo, ed., O Imp\u00e9rio Colonial, 2012, pp. 159\u201396."},{"key":"3_CR63","first-page":"6","volume-title":"O Sistema Portugu\u00eas de Pol\u00edtica Ind\u00edgena (Subs\u00eddios para o seu Estudo)","author":"JS Cunha","year":"1953","unstructured":"J. S. Cunha, O Sistema Portugu\u00eas de Pol\u00edtica Ind\u00edgena (Subs\u00eddios para o seu Estudo), Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1953, pp. 6\u20137."},{"key":"3_CR64","volume-title":"Integra\u00e7\u00e2o Portuguesa nos Tr\u00f3picos","author":"G Freyre","year":"1958","unstructured":"For the doctrine of integration see G. Freyre, Integra\u00e7\u00e2o Portuguesa nos Tr\u00f3picos, Lisbon, Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar, 1958;"},{"key":"3_CR65","first-page":"106","volume-title":"A Batalha da Esperan\u00e7a","author":"A Moreira","year":"1962","unstructured":"A. Moreira, A Batalha da Esperan\u00e7a, Lisbon, Panorama, 1962, p. 106;"},{"key":"3_CR66","volume-title":"Angola: Meio S\u00e9culo de Integra\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"JP Neto","year":"1964","unstructured":"J. P. Neto, Angola: Meio S\u00e9culo de Integra\u00e7\u00e3o, Lisboa, Institute Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00eetica Ultramarina, 1964. Adriano Moreira was undersecretary of state of the overseas administration from 1959, and at the overseas provinces ministry from April 1961 to December 1962."},{"key":"3_CR67","first-page":"265","volume-title":"The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa","author":"J Penvenne","year":"1989","unstructured":"For the civilizing mission as a mechanism of engineering inequality see J. Penvenne, \u2018We are all Portuguese!: Challenging the political economy of assimilation, Louren\u00e7o Marques 1870\u20131933\u2019, in L. Vail, ed., The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1989, pp. 265\u2013269;"},{"key":"3_CR68","volume-title":"Livros Brancos","author":"Jeronimo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeronimo, Livros Brancos, 2010."},{"key":"3_CR69","volume-title":"Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do Espa\u00e7o Portugu\u00eas","author":"JH Saraiva","year":"1963","unstructured":"See, for example, J. H. Saraiva, Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do Espa\u00e7o Portugu\u00eas, Lisbon, Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1963;"},{"key":"3_CR70","volume-title":"Congrega\u00e7\u00e3o Gerai das Comunidades Portuguesas","author":"A Moreira","year":"1964","unstructured":"A. Moreira, Congrega\u00e7\u00e3o Gerai das Comunidades Portuguesas, Lisbon, Sociedade de Geografia, 1964; Problemas do Espa\u00e7o Portugu\u00eas: Curso de Extens\u00e3o Universit\u00e1ria, Lisbon, Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar, Centro de Estudos Pol\u00edticos e Sociais, 1972."},{"key":"3_CR71","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria da Expans\u00e3o","author":"M Murteira","year":"1999","unstructured":"For a general overview see M. Murteira, \u2018Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e colapso de uma eco-nomia colonial\u2019, in Bethencourt and Chaudhuri, eds, Hist\u00f3ria da Expans\u00e3o, 1999, pp. 103\u2013130."},{"key":"3_CR72","first-page":"89","volume":"24","author":"L Ferreira","year":"1988","unstructured":"For a synthesis of the colonial expenditures of the central government, see L. Ferreira and C. Pedra, \u2018Despesas coloniais do estado portugu\u00eas 1913\u20131980\u2019, Revista de Hist\u00f3ria Econ\u00f3mica e Social, 24, 1988, pp. 89\u2013103.","journal-title":"Revista de Hist\u00f3ria Econ\u00f3mica e Social"},{"key":"3_CR73","first-page":"146","volume-title":"O Ultramar a Na\u00e7\u00e3o e o 25 de Abril","author":"S Cunha","year":"1977","unstructured":"See, for example, S. Cunha, O Ultramar a Na\u00e7\u00e3o e o 25 de Abril, Coimbra, Atl\u00e2ntida, 1977, p. 146."},{"key":"3_CR74","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Colonialism in Africa","author":"F Pedler","year":"1975","unstructured":"The Colonial Development Act of 1929 and the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940; Fonds d\u2019Investissements pour le D\u00e9veloppement Economique et Social and the Caisse Centrale de l\u2019Outre-Mer. For the British case see F. Pedler, \u2018British planning and private enterprise in colonial Africa\u2019, in P. Duignan and L. H. Gann, eds, Colonialism in Africa, vol. 4: The Economics of Colonialism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975, pp. 113\u2013117;"},{"key":"3_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-04558-7","volume-title":"The Official History of Colonial Development","author":"DJ Morgan","year":"1980","unstructured":"D.J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, London: Macmillan, 1980;"},{"key":"3_CR76","volume-title":"The Making of British Colonial Development Policy","author":"S Constantine","year":"1984","unstructured":"S. Constantine, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy, London, Frank Cass, 1984;"},{"key":"3_CR77","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850\u20131960","author":"M Havinden","year":"1993","unstructured":"M. Havinden and D. Meredith, Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850\u20131960, London, Routledge, 1993, pp. 199\u2013205. For the French case see V. Thompson and R. Adloff, \u2018French economic policy in tropical Africa\u2019, in P. Duignan and L. H. Gann, eds, Colonialism in Africa, vol. 4: The Economics of Colonialism, pp. 127\u2013164, maxime, pp. 131\u2013133;"},{"key":"3_CR78","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of African History","author":"S Dulucq","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Dulucq, \u2018Fonds d\u2019investissement pour le d\u00e9veloppement economique et social (FIDES)\u2019, in K. Shillington, ed., Encyclopedia of African History, vol. 1, London: Routledge, 2004, pp. 527\u2013528."},{"key":"3_CR79","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Portuguese Africa","author":"F Brandenburg","year":"1969","unstructured":"See Economic Survey (1959), table 4-xxii and xxiv, pp. 245\u2013246. For the evolution of the provincial budgets see F. Brandenburg, \u2018Development, finance, and trade\u2019, in Abshire and Samuels, eds, Portuguese Africa, 1969, pp. 234\u2013236,"},{"key":"3_CR80","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio e Contas. Exerc\u00edcio de 1966","author":"B Angola","year":"1967","unstructured":"based on Banco de Angola, Relat\u00f3rio e Contas. Exerc\u00edcio de 1966, Lisbon, 1967, p. 193;"},{"key":"3_CR81","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Boletim Mensal da Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Provincial dos Servi\u00e7os de Estat\u00edstica","author":"Mo\u00e7ambique","year":"1967","unstructured":"and Mo\u00e7ambique, Boletim Mensal da Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Provincial dos Servi\u00e7os de Estat\u00edstica, 8, 3, 1967, p. 9."},{"key":"3_CR82","volume-title":"Civilization Guild","author":"Jeronimo","year":"2012","unstructured":"On the civilization guild see Jeronimo, \u2018Civilization Guild\u2019, 2012."},{"key":"3_CR83","volume-title":"Investment of Foreign Capital in Portuguese Ferritories","author":"B Angola","year":"1965","unstructured":"Decree-law 46312, 28 April 1964 and dispatch 24 August 1965. See Banco de Angola, Investment of Foreign Capital in Portuguese Ferritories, Lisbon, 1965."},{"key":"3_CR84","series-title":"Working Paper 41","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1864\u20131975)","author":"AB Nunes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Decree-law 35670, 28 May 1946 (Bank of Angola); Decree-law 41957, 13 November 1959 (transforming the Fundo de Fomento Nacional into the Banco de Fomento Nacional). For a survey of its history see A. B. Nunes, C. Bastien, N. Val\u00e9rio, R. M. de Sousa and S. D. Costa, \u2018Banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1864\u20131975)\u2019, Working Paper 41, Gabinete de Historia Economica e Social, 2010, pp. 25\u201327."},{"key":"3_CR85","first-page":"226","volume-title":"Development, Finance, and Trade","author":"F Brandenburg","year":"1969","unstructured":"See, among others, F. Brandenburg, \u2018Development, Finance, and Trade\u2019, 1969, pp. 226\u2013230;"},{"key":"3_CR86","first-page":"446","volume-title":"Economic Development for Africa South of the Sahara","author":"L Rist","year":"1964","unstructured":"L. Rist, \u2018Capital and capital supply in relation to development of Africa\u2019, in E. A. G. Robinson, ed., Economic Development for Africa South of the Sahara, New York, NY, St Martin\u2019s Press, 1964, pp. 446\u2013447."},{"key":"3_CR87","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Economic Survey: Portugal","author":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"1966","unstructured":"In the metropole, the same process was under way. For instance, the Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa controlled the largest production of wolfram and General Tire and Rubber, a company from Ohio, controlled the production of tyres. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Survey: Portugal, Paris, OECD, 1966, pp. 31\u201335, 114\u2013121 (for a list of US interests in Angola in the 1960s onwards), cit. p. 119;"},{"key":"3_CR88","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Portuguese Africa and the West","author":"W Minter","year":"1974","unstructured":"W. Minter, Portuguese Africa and the West, New York, NY, Monthly Review Press, 1974, pp. 31\u201334, 115\u2013127 (for US business interests in Portuguese Africa)."},{"key":"3_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3601111","volume":"14","author":"W Clarence-Smith","year":"1985","unstructured":"W. Clarence-Smith, \u2018Business empires in Angola under Salazar, 1930\u20131961\u2019, African Economic History, 14, 1985, pp. 1\u201313.","journal-title":"African Economic History"},{"key":"3_CR90","first-page":"81","volume":"47","author":"F Rollo","year":"2004","unstructured":"For some contributions see F. Rollo, \u2018O Programa de Assist\u00eancia T\u00e9cnica: O interesse americano nas colonias Portuguesas\u2019, Ler Hist\u00f3ria, 47, 2004, pp. 81\u2013123;","journal-title":"Ler Hist\u00f3ria"},{"key":"3_CR91","volume-title":"A question of priorities: The United States of America and the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1945\u20131961)","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. B. Jeronimo, \u2018A question of priorities: The United States of America and the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1945\u20131961)\u2019, paper presented at the International Seminar on Decolonization, National History Center, Washington DC, 31 July 2009."},{"key":"3_CR92","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Industrial Policy in Europe After 1945: Wealth, Power and Economic Development in the Cold War","author":"DS Chass\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"For a global appraisal of the Marshall Plan see D. S. Chass\u00e9, \u2018Towards a global history of the Marshall Plan: European postwar reconstruction and the rise of development economic expertise\u2019, in C. Grabas and A. N\u00fctzenadel, eds, Industrial Policy in Europe After 1945: Wealth, Power and Economic Development in the Cold War, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2014, pp. 187\u2013212. For the US-Africa policy see the revealing report prepared by the Office of African Affairs, \u2018The United States in Africa south of the Sahara\u2019, 4 August 1955, FRUS, 1955\u20131957, vol. XVIII, pp. 13\u201322, esp. 15 [direct reference to economic interests]. Among many other references see M. Leffler, \u2018The United States and the strategic dimensions of the Marshall Plan\u2019, Diplomatic History, 12, 3, 1988, pp. 277\u2013306. See also N. J. White, \u2018Reconstructing Europe through rejuvenating empire: The British, French, and Dutch experiences compared\u2019, Past&Present, 210, 6, 2011, pp. 211\u2013236."},{"key":"3_CR93","volume-title":"Post-war Reconstruction in Europe: International Perspectives, 1945\u20131949","author":"M Mazower","year":"2011","unstructured":"For a new overall appraisal of post-war economic transformations see M. Mazower, J. Reinisch and D. Feldman, Post-war Reconstruction in Europe: International Perspectives, 1945\u20131949, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011."},{"key":"3_CR94","volume-title":"Thoughts and Impressions of Angola. By Members of the Hudson Institute Intensive Aerial Survey Team","author":"Hudson Institute","year":"1969","unstructured":"The Hudson Institute was involved in many similar operations, for instance in Brazil. Hudson Institute, Thoughts and Impressions of Angola. By Members of the Hudson Institute Intensive Aerial Survey Team, Croton-on-Hudson, NY, Hudson Institute, 1969."},{"key":"3_CR95","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Think Tanks","author":"P Dickson","year":"1972","unstructured":"See also P. Dickson, Think Tanks, New York, NY, Atheneum, 1972, pp. 99\u2013103;"},{"key":"3_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511509889","volume-title":"Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise","author":"A Rich","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. Rich, Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 46\u201349;"},{"key":"3_CR97","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Portuguese Africa","author":"W Minter","year":"1974","unstructured":"W. Minter, Portuguese Africa, 1974, pp. 125\u2013127."},{"key":"3_CR98","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality","author":"G Bender","year":"1978","unstructured":"A reference to the impact of the Hudson Institute\u2019s reports is on G. Bender, Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality, London, Heinemann, 1978, pp. 189\u2013190, fn 84."},{"key":"3_CR99","first-page":"152","volume-title":"I Congresso dos Economistas Portugueses: Problemas das economias ultramari-nas, IV Sec\u00e7\u00e2o","author":"R Ventura","year":"1955","unstructured":"For Cela see R. Ventura, \u2018O caso da Cela e a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tnica de Angola\u2019, I Congresso dos Economistas Portugueses: Problemas das economias ultramari-nas, IV Sec\u00e7\u00e2o, Lisbon, Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica\/Centro de Estudos Economicos, 1955, pp. 152\u2013190;"},{"key":"3_CR100","volume-title":"Une Colonie Agricole Europ\u00e9enne en Afrique Tropicale: Cela, Angola Portugais","author":"J Denis","year":"1956","unstructured":"J. Denis, Une Colonie Agricole Europ\u00e9enne en Afrique Tropicale: Cela, Angola Portugais, Brussels, Direction de L\u2019Agriculture des Forests et de l\u2019\u00c9levage, 1956;"},{"key":"3_CR101","first-page":"85","volume":"426","author":"CK Abecassis","year":"1960","unstructured":"C. K. Abecassis, \u2018Prosseguimento dos trabal-hos do colonato da Cela\u2019, Boletim Geral do Ultramar, 426, 1960, pp. 85\u2013126;","journal-title":"Boletim Geral do Ultramar"},{"key":"3_CR102","volume-title":"Povoamento em Angola 1962\u20131967","author":"JV Jord\u00e3o","year":"1969","unstructured":"J. V Jord\u00e3o, Povoamento em Angola 1962\u20131967, Luanda, JPPA, 1969;"},{"key":"3_CR103","volume-title":"Os colonatos em Angola: G\u00e9nese, evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e estado actual","author":"E Costa","year":"2006","unstructured":"E. Costa, \u2018Os colonatos em Angola: G\u00e9nese, evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e estado actual\u2019, unpublished doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, 2006."},{"key":"3_CR104","first-page":"581","volume-title":"Problemas do Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f3mico de Angola","author":"W Marques","year":"1965","unstructured":"For Matala see W. Marques, Problemas do Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f3mico de Angola, Vol. 2, Luanda, Junta de Desenvolvimento Industrial, 1965, pp. 581\u2013582."},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR105","first-page":"477","volume":"11","author":"T Morais de","year":"1964","unstructured":"For Limpopo see T. de Morais, \u2018O colonato do Limpopo\u2019, Estudos Politicos e Sociais, 11, 2, 1964, pp. 477\u2013498;","journal-title":"Estudos Politicos e Sociais"},{"key":"3_CR106","first-page":"282","volume":"482","author":"R Junior","year":"1965","unstructured":"R. Junior, \u2018Industrializa\u00e7\u00e3o e o colonato do Limpopo\u2019, Boletim Gerai do Ultramar, 482, 1965, pp. 282\u2013285.","journal-title":"Boletim Gerai do Ultramar"},{"key":"3_CR107","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o da Agricultura: Confer\u00eancias, Palestras e Artigos (1952\u201359)","author":"EC Caldas de","year":"1960","unstructured":"E. de Castro Caldas, Moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o da Agricultura: Confer\u00eancias, Palestras e Artigos (1952\u201359), Lisbon, Livraria S\u00e1 da Costa, 1960, pp. 23\u20135;"},{"key":"3_CR108","first-page":"182","volume-title":"A Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o de Angola e o Seu Fracasso","author":"O Ribeiro","year":"1981","unstructured":"O. Ribeiro, A Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o de Angola e o Seu Fracasso, Lisbon, Imprensa Nacional, 1981, p. 182."},{"key":"3_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/past\/48.1.119","volume":"48","author":"H-U Wehler","year":"1970","unstructured":"For the thesis of social imperialism see H.-U. Wehler, \u2018Bismarck\u2019s imperialism, 1862\u20131890\u2019, Past & Present, 48, 1970, pp. 119\u2013155;","journal-title":"Past & Present"},{"key":"3_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/03071027608567379","volume":"3","author":"G Eley","year":"1976","unstructured":"G. Eley, \u2018Defining social imperialism: Use and abuse of an idea\u2019, Social History, 3, 1976, pp. 265\u2013289.","journal-title":"Social History"},{"key":"3_CR111","volume-title":"Politica Ultramarina","author":"A Moreira","year":"1961","unstructured":"A. Moreira, Politica Ultramarina, Lisbon, Junta de Investigates do Ultramar, 1961."},{"key":"3_CR112","volume-title":"Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00c9tnica da \u00c1frica Portuguesa","author":"V Ferreira","year":"1944","unstructured":"For the 1940s see V. Ferreira, Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00c9tnica da \u00c1frica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Bertand & Irm\u00e3os, 1944. For the 1950s and 1960s see the entire volume I Congresso dos Economistas Portugueses: Problemas das economias ultramarinas: IV Sec\u00e7\u00e2o, Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00c9tnica. Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Debates, Lisbon, Institut\u00bb Nacional de Estat\u00edstica\/Centro de Estudos Economicos, 1955;"},{"key":"3_CR113","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Col\u00f4quios de Pol\u00eetica Ultramarina Internacionalmente Relevante","author":"JM Caspar","year":"1958","unstructured":"J. M. Caspar, \u2018A coloniza\u00e7\u00e2o branca em Angola e Mo\u00e7ambique\u2019, in Col\u00f4quios de Pol\u00eetica Ultramarina Internacionalmente Relevante, Lisbon, Junta de Investigates do Ultramar, 1958, pp. 31\u201353; and the debates in Col\u00f3quios sobre Problemas de Povoamento, Lisbon, Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar\/Centro de Estudos Pol\u00edticos e Sociais, 1960."},{"key":"3_CR114","volume-title":"Col\u00f3quios sobre Problemas de Povoamento","author":"J Ultramar","year":"1960","unstructured":"For ideas regarding the problem of settlement, see Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar, Col\u00f3quios sobre Problemas de Povoamento, Lisbon, Tipografia Minerva, 1960."},{"key":"3_CR115","volume-title":"Passagens para \u00c1frica: O Povoamento de Angola e Mo\u00e7ambique com Naturais da Metr\u00f3pole (1920\u20131974)","author":"C Castelo","year":"2007","unstructured":"For the policies of emigration to the colonial world see C. Castelo, Passagens para \u00c1frica: O Povoamento de Angola e Mo\u00e7ambique com Naturais da Metr\u00f3pole (1920\u20131974), Oporto: Alrontamento, 2007."},{"key":"3_CR116","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Social Change in Angola","author":"G Bender","year":"1973","unstructured":"See the debate between Reis Ventura and Valdez dos Santos in I Congresso dos Economistas Portugueses, pp. 343\u2013347. See also G. Bender, \u2018Planned rural settlements in Angola: 1900\u20131968\u2019, in F. W. Heimer, ed., Social Change in Angola, Munich, Weltforum Verlag, 1973, pp. 235\u2013279."},{"key":"3_CR117","volume-title":"Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social em Mo\u00e7ambique: Grupo de Trabalho de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social de Mo\u00e7ambique","author":"J Ultramar","year":"1964","unstructured":"A. C. Soares, Pol\u00edtica de Bem-Estar Rural em Angola, Lisbon, Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar\/Centro de Estudos Pol\u00efticos e Sociais, 196; Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar, Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social em Mo\u00e7ambique: Grupo de Trabalho de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social de Mo\u00e7ambique, Lisbon, Centro de Estudos de Servi\u00e7o Social e de Desenvolvimento Comunit\u00e1rio, 1964. See also \u2018Education, health, and social wellare\u2019, in Abshire and Samuels, eds, Portuguese Africa, 1969, pp. 194\u2013195."},{"key":"3_CR118","volume-title":"Rock solid: Alrican laborers on the diamond mines of the Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang), 1917\u20131975","author":"T Cleveland","year":"2008","unstructured":"For Diamang, see T. Cleveland, \u2018Rock solid: Alrican laborers on the diamond mines of the Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang), 1917\u20131975\u2019, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, 2008."},{"key":"3_CR119","volume-title":"\u201cThe colossal lie\u201d: The Sociedade Agr\u00edcola do Cassequel and Portuguese colonial labor policy in Angola, 1899\u20131977","author":"J Ball","year":"2003","unstructured":"For Cassequel, see J. Ball, \u2018\u201cThe colossal lie\u201d: The Sociedade Agr\u00edcola do Cassequel and Portuguese colonial labor policy in Angola, 1899\u20131977\u2019, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003."},{"key":"3_CR120","volume-title":"Portugal e o Fim do Colonialismo: Dimens\u00f5es Internacionais","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2014","unstructured":"For the labour issue see M. B. Jeronimo and J. P. Monteiro, \u2018O imp\u00e9rio do trabalho: Portugal, as din\u00e2micas do internacionalismo e os mundos colonials\u2019, in M. B. Jeronimo and A. C. Pinto, eds, Portugal e o Fim do Colonialismo: Dimens\u00f5es Internacionais, Lisbon: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70, 2014."},{"key":"3_CR121","first-page":"7","volume":"4","author":"A Sousa de","year":"1959","unstructured":"For the community development see, among others, A. de Sousa, \u2018Desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio em Alrica\u2019, Estudos Ultramarinos, 4, 1959, pp. 7\u201317;","journal-title":"Estudos Ultramarinos"},{"key":"3_CR122","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Angola: Curso de Extens\u00e3o Universit\u00e2ria do Ano Lectivo de 1963\u20131964","author":"A Sousa de","year":"1964","unstructured":"A. de Sousa, \u2018Desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio em Angola\u2019, in Angola: Curso de Extens\u00e3o Universit\u00e2ria do Ano Lectivo de 1963\u20131964, Lisbon, Institute Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00edtica Ultramarina, 1964, pp. 421\u2013440;"},{"key":"3_CR123","first-page":"83","volume":"4","author":"AJP Guerra de","year":"1963","unstructured":"A.J. de P. Guerra, \u2018Reordenamento rural e desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio\u2019, Trabalho: Boletim do Instituto do Trabalho, Previd\u00eancia e Ac\u00e7\u00e3o Social, 4, 1963, pp. 83\u2013128;","journal-title":"Trabalho: Boletim do Instituto do Trabalho, Previd\u00eancia e Ac\u00e7\u00e3o Social"},{"key":"3_CR124","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Mens\u00e1rio Administrativo: Publica\u00e7\u00e2o de Assuntos de Interesse Ultramarino","author":"FAS Alberto","year":"1963","unstructured":"F. A. S. Alberto, \u2018Integra\u00e7\u00e3o dos programas de desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio nos quadros da pol\u00eetica nacional\u2019, Mens\u00e1rio Administrativo: Publica\u00e7\u00e2o de Assuntos de Interesse Ultramarino, 192\u2013197, 1963, pp. 3\u201314."},{"key":"3_CR125","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Community Development in Developing Countries","author":"SN Bhattacharyya","year":"1972","unstructured":"For a general comparative appraisal see, for example, S. N. Bhattacharyya, Community Development in Developing Countries, Calcutta, Academic, 1972, pp. 1\u20133,"},{"key":"3_CR126","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Agricultural Development in the Third World","author":"LE Holdcrolt","year":"1984","unstructured":"and a balance in L. E. Holdcrolt, \u2018The rise and lall of community development 1950\u201365: A critical assessment\u2019, in C. Eicher and J. Staatz, eds, Agricultural Development in the Third World, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984, pp. 45\u201358."},{"key":"3_CR127","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays in the History and Politics of Knowledge","year":"1997","unstructured":"For the broader issues see F. Cooper and R. Packard, eds, International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays in the History and Politics of Knowledge, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1997, pp. 1\u201343."},{"key":"3_CR128","first-page":"41","volume":"9","author":"JP Neto","year":"1962","unstructured":"For the appropriation of international idioms of community development by the Portuguese see J. P. Neto, \u2018Pol\u00edtica de desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio nas prov\u00edncias portuguesas de \u00c1frica\u2019, Ultramar, 9, 1962, p. 41;","journal-title":"Ultramar"},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR129","first-page":"553","volume":"I","author":"A Sousa de","year":"1963","unstructured":"A. de Sousa, \u2018Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e programas de desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio\u2019, Estudos Pol\u00edticos e Sociais, I, 3, 1963, p. 553;","journal-title":"Estudos Pol\u00edticos e Sociais"},{"key":"3_CR130","first-page":"120","volume-title":"A terra e o desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio em Mo\u00e7ambique","author":"A Cancelas","year":"1966","unstructured":"A. Cancelas, \u2018A terra e o desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio em Mo\u00e7ambique\u2019, unpublished Master\u2019s dissertation, Lisbon, ISCSPU, 1966, pp. 120, 126\u2013128."},{"key":"3_CR131","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Pol\u00edtica de Desenvolvimento","author":"Neto","year":"1962","unstructured":"Neto, \u2018Pol\u00edtica de Desenvolvimento\u2019, 1962, p. 57."},{"key":"3_CR132","first-page":"294","volume":"2","author":"A Sousa de","year":"1964","unstructured":"For one example of this reasoning see A. de Sousa, \u2018Desenvolvimento comunit\u00e2rio e desenvolvimento economico\u2019, Estudos pol\u00edticos e socials, II, 2, 1964, p. 294.","journal-title":"Estudos pol\u00edticos e socials"},{"key":"3_CR133","volume-title":"Da influ\u00eancia do aldeamento na memoria da organiza\u00e7\u00e2o social e economica das popula\u00e7\u00f4es ind\u00edgenas (aspectos particulares do problema na Prov\u00edncia da Zamb\u00e9zia, unpublished Master\u2019s dissertation","author":"JC Pereira","year":"1949","unstructured":"See \u2018Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o social e econ\u00f3mica das popula\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas\u2019 and \u2018Parecer sobre o decreto relativo \u00e0 organiza\u00e7\u00e3o social e econ\u00f3mica das popula\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas\u2019, Boletim Geral das Col\u00f3nias, 191, 1941, pp. 7\u201397, 98\u2013119. See also J. C. Pereira, \u2018Da influ\u00eancia do aldeamento na memoria da organiza\u00e7\u00e2o social e economica das popula\u00e7\u00f4es ind\u00edgenas (aspectos particulares do problema na Prov\u00edncia da Zamb\u00e9zia, unpublished Master\u2019s dissertation\u2019, Lisbon ISCSPU, 1949."},{"key":"3_CR134","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Os colonatos ind\u00efgenas em Angola","author":"F Boaventura","year":"1951","unstructured":"Created in 1945\u201346, this native colonato was reinforced in 1949 with technical assistance and some machinery given by the Agricultural Central Services. From 1952 to 1966, the number of farmers increased steadily and more than 4,000 natives lived in the colonato and its nucleus. For the early native colonatos see F. Boaventura, \u2018Os colonatos ind\u00efgenas em Angola\u2019, Agros, \u00bd, 1951, pp. 44\u201350;"},{"key":"3_CR135","first-page":"30","volume-title":"As Causas do Fracasso da Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o Agricola de Angola","author":"M Feio","year":"1998","unstructured":"M. Feio, As Causas do Fracasso da Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o Agricola de Angola, Lisbon, Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica Tropical, 1998, p. 30."},{"key":"3_CR136","volume-title":"Conquista da Ades\u00e3o das Popula\u00e7\u00f5es","author":"RF Freitas de","year":"1965","unstructured":"See R. F. de Freitas, Conquista da Ades\u00e3o das Popula\u00e7\u00f5es, Louren\u00e7o Marques, Servi\u00e7os de Centraliza\u00e7\u00e3o e Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es, 1965;"},{"issue":"9","key":"3_CR137","first-page":"407","volume":"8","author":"C Bessa","year":"1972","unstructured":"C. Bessa, \u2018Angola: A luta contra a subvers\u00e3o e a colabora\u00e7\u00e3o civil-militar\u2019, Revista Militar, 8\/9, 1972, pp. 407\u2013443.","journal-title":"Revista Militar"},{"key":"3_CR138","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961\u20131974","author":"JP Cann","year":"2012","unstructured":"For an overview see J. P. Cann, Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961\u20131974, Solihull, Helion & Co, 2012, pp. 148\u2013169"},{"key":"3_CR139","volume-title":"Angola under the Portuguese","author":"Bender","year":"1978","unstructured":"and Bender, Angola under the Portuguese, 1978."},{"key":"3_CR140","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Angola: Curso de Extens\u00e3o Universit\u00e1ria","author":"JP Neto","year":"1964","unstructured":"See, for example, the debates in the bulletin of the Junta de Investigac\u00f5es do Ultramar, 62, 1963; the Congresso de Povoamento e Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social, 5\u20139 October 1970; namely, Hermes Ara\u00fajos Oliveira\u2019s participation. See his Povoamento e Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social in \u00c1frica, Famalic\u00e3o: Centro Gr\u00e1fico de Famalic\u00e3o, 1971. Oliveira was also the author of one of Portugal\u2019s most important counter-insurgency manuals. See Subvers\u00e3o e Contra-subvers\u00e3o, Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00edtica Ultramarina, 1963; J. P. Neto, \u2018Movimentos subversivos de Angola: Tentativa de esbo\u00e7o s\u00f3cio-pol\u00eftico\u2019 in Angola: Curso de Extens\u00e3o Universit\u00e1ria, Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00edtica Ultramarina, 1964, pp. 343\u2013386."},{"key":"3_CR141","volume-title":"Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o Para uma Pol\u00edtica de Reordenamento Rural no Ultramar","author":"RMS Ravara","year":"1970","unstructured":"For the strategies of rural resettlement, see R. M. S. Ravara, Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o Para uma Pol\u00edtica de Reordenamento Rural no Ultramar, Lisbon, Junta de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es do Ultramar, 1970;"},{"key":"3_CR142","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Revis\u00e3o do III Piano de Fomento: Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social","author":"A Guerra","year":"1970","unstructured":"A. J. de P. Guerra and J. B. Veiga, Revis\u00e3o do III Piano de Fomento: Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Social, Luanda, Junta Provincial de Povoamento, 1970, pp. 113\u2013129."},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2307\/421336","volume":"6","author":"B Jundanian","year":"1974","unstructured":"See also B. Jundanian, \u2018Resettlement programs: Counterinsurgency in Mozambique\u2019, Comparative Politics, 6, 4, 1974, pp. 519\u2013540;","journal-title":"Comparative Politics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2307\/421557","volume":"4","author":"G Bender","year":"1972","unstructured":"G. Bender, \u2018The limits of counterinsurgency: An Alrican case\u2019, Comparative Politics, 4, 3, 1972, pp. 331\u2013360.","journal-title":"Comparative Politics"},{"key":"3_CR145","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Angola under the Portuguese","author":"Bender","year":"1978","unstructured":"For geographical variations, see Bender, Angola under the Portuguese, 1978, pp. 159\u2013160, 165\u2013196."},{"key":"3_CR146","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa","author":"R Chambers","year":"1969","unstructured":"For a typology of settlement schemes in tropical Alrica, see R. Chambers, Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa, London, Routledge, 1969, pp. 18\u201322."},{"key":"3_CR147","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Portugal\u2019s War in Angola 1961\u20131974","author":"W Waals van der","year":"1993","unstructured":"This estimate was offered by the commander-in-chief in Mozambique, General Ka\u00fblza de Arriaga. See B. Jundanian, Ibid., p. 523. Thomas Henriksen confirms this in Revolution and Counterrevolution: Mozambique\u2019s War of Independence, 1964\u20131974, London, Greenwood, 1978, p. 155. A similar figure is advanced for Angola. See W. van der Waals, Portugal\u2019s War in Angola 1961\u20131974, Rivonia, Ashanti, 1993, pp. 200\u2013201."},{"key":"3_CR148","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Les Camps de Regroupement de la Guerre d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie","author":"M Cornaton","year":"1998","unstructured":"For the concept of mille villages see M. Cornaton, Les Camps de Regroupement de la Guerre d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, Paris, L\u2019Harmattan, 1998, pp. 68\u201374;"},{"key":"3_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812207828","volume-title":"Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria","author":"F Klose","year":"2013","unstructured":"F. Klose, Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, pp. 168\u2013171."},{"key":"3_CR150","volume-title":"The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique","author":"ML Bowen","year":"2000","unstructured":"For the historical legacies see M. L. Bowen. The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique, Charlottesville and London, University Press of Virginia, 2000;"},{"key":"3_CR151","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War","author":"M Mahoney","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. Mahoney, \u2018Estado Novo, Hornern Novo (New State, New Man): Colonial and anticolonial development ideologies in Mozambique, 1930\u20131977\u2019, in D. C. Engerman, N. Gilman, M. H. Haefele and M. E. Latham, eds, Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War, Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press, 2003, pp. 165\u2013198;"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/03057079808708567","volume":"24","author":"JPB Coelho","year":"1998","unstructured":"J. P. B. Coelho, \u2018State resettlement policies in post-colonial rural Mozambique: The impact of the communal village programme on Tete province, 1977\u20131982\u2019, Journal of Southern African Studies, 24, 1, 1998, pp. 61\u201391.","journal-title":"Journal of Southern African Studies"},{"key":"3_CR153","first-page":"7","volume-title":"O Imperialismo Europeu, 1860\u20131914","author":"MB Jeronimo","year":"2011","unstructured":"See M. B. Jeronimo, \u2018A escrita plural dos imp\u00e9rios: Economia, geopol\u00edtica e religi\u00e3o na obra de Andrew Porter\u2019, in A. Porter, ed., O Imperialismo Europeu, 1860\u20131914, Lisbon, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70, 2011, pp. 7\u201367."},{"key":"3_CR154","volume-title":"Decolonization and its Impact: A Comparative Approach to the End of the Colonial Empires","author":"M Shipway","year":"2008","unstructured":"For two recent comparative approaches see M. Shipway Decolonization and its Impact: A Comparative Approach to the End of the Colonial Empires, Oxford, Blackwell, 2008;"},{"key":"3_CR155","volume-title":"Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe\u2019s Imperial States, 1918\u20131975","author":"M Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"M. Thomas, B. Moore and L. J. Butler, Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe\u2019s Imperial States, 1918\u20131975, London, Hodder Education, 2008."}],"container-title":["The Ends of European Colonial Empires"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/9781137394064_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T21:38:54Z","timestamp":1718573934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/9781137394064_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9781349679072","9781137394064"],"references-count":155,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137394064_3","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}