{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:46:45Z","timestamp":1761490005582},"publisher-location":"London","reference-count":56,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan UK","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781349679072"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781137394064"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1057\/9781137394064_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,22]],"date-time":"2016-05-22T07:30:51Z","timestamp":1463902251000},"page":"126-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Myths of Decolonization: Britain, France, and Portugal Compared"],"prefix":"10.1057","author":[{"given":"Bruno Cardoso","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-19547-3","volume-title":"Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-Cold War World","author":"J Darwin","year":"1988","unstructured":"J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-Cold War World, London, MacMillan, 1988, p. 6."},{"key":"6_CR2","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Mythologies","author":"R Barthes","year":"1957","unstructured":"R. Barthes, Mythologies, Paris, Seuil, 1957, p. 189."},{"key":"6_CR3","volume-title":"Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition","author":"J Snyder","year":"1991","unstructured":"J. Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1991."},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511635526","volume-title":"The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830\u20131970","author":"J Darwin","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830\u20131970, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 612\u2013614, 634\u2013635."},{"key":"6_CR5","first-page":"80","volume-title":"The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire","author":"N MacQueen","year":"1997","unstructured":"N. MacQueen, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire, London, Longman, 1997, pp. 80\u201384."},{"key":"6_CR6","volume-title":"The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of Trance","author":"T Shepard","year":"2006","unstructured":"T. Shepard, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of Trance, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2006;"},{"key":"6_CR7","volume-title":"The Trench Colonial Mind","author":"M Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"M. Thomas, \u2018Introduction: Mapping the French colonial mind\u2019, in M. Thomas, ed., The Trench Colonial Mind, vol. 1., Lincoln, NE, Nebraska University Press, 2011, Loc. 25."},{"key":"6_CR8","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Metropolitan Revolution","author":"MacQueen","year":"1997","unstructured":"MacQueen, Metropolitan Revolution, 1997, p. 92."},{"key":"6_CR9","first-page":"ix","volume-title":"The Colonial Empires","author":"DK Fieldhouse","year":"1982","unstructured":"D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires, 2nd ed., London, Macmillan, 1982, p. ix.","edition":"2"},{"key":"6_CR10","first-page":"vii","volume-title":"Trench colonialism 1871\u20131914: Myths and Realities","author":"R Robinson","year":"1966","unstructured":"R. Robinson, Trench colonialism 1871\u20131914: Myths and Realities, London, Pall Mall, 1966, p. vii."},{"volume-title":"The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization in Africa 1940\u20131960","year":"1982","key":"6_CR11","unstructured":"P. Gilford and W. R. Louis, eds, The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization in Africa 1940\u20131960, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1982;"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR12","first-page":"135","volume":"36","author":"RR Holland","year":"2008","unstructured":"R. R Holland, \u2018Review of Ronald Hyman, Britain\u2019s declining Empire [\u2026]\u2019, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies, 36, 1, 2008, pp. 135\u2013137.","journal-title":"Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR13","first-page":"479","volume":"29","author":"T Terrill","year":"2006","unstructured":"T. Terrill, \u2018\u201cInnovate or die\u201d: Organizational culture and the origins of maneuver warfare in the US Marine Corps\u2019, Journal of Strategic Studies, 29, 3, 2006, p. 479.","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Studies"},{"key":"6_CR14","first-page":"54","volume-title":"The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics","author":"RL Jepperson","year":"1996","unstructured":"R. L. Jepperson, A. Wendt and P. J. Katzenstein, \u2018Norms, identity, and culture in national security\u2019, in P. J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York, NY, Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 54, 56."},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/1521-9488.t01-1-00252","volume":"4","author":"T Farrell","year":"2002","unstructured":"See also T. Farrell, \u2018Constructivist security studies: Portrait of a research programme\u2019, International Studies Review, 4, 1, 2002, pp. 49\u201372.","journal-title":"International Studies Review"},{"key":"6_CR16","volume-title":"The Labour Government and the End of Empire 1945\u20131951.","author":"R Hyam","year":"1992","unstructured":"R. Hyam, The Labour Government and the End of Empire 1945\u20131951. v of 1. High Policy and Administration, London, HMSO, 1992, British Documents on the End of Empire, series A, vol. 2, p. xxix;"},{"key":"6_CR17","first-page":"115","volume-title":"The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate","author":"J Darwin","year":"1991","unstructured":"J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire: The Historical Debate, Oxford, Blackwell, 1991, p. 115."},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511635526","volume-title":"The Empire Project: The Rise and Tall of the British World-System 1830\u20131970","author":"J Darwin","year":"2009","unstructured":"See J. Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Tall of the British World-System 1830\u20131970, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 615 ff."},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR19","first-page":"169","volume":"12","author":"RF Holland","year":"1984","unstructured":"R. F. Holland, \u2018The imperial factor in British strategies Irom Attlee to Macmillan\u2019, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 12, 1, 1984, p. 169.","journal-title":"Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History"},{"key":"6_CR20","volume-title":"Defence: Outline of Future Policy","author":"Ministry of Defence","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ministry of Defence, Defence: Outline of Future Policy, London, HMSO, 1957 (Sandys\u2019 White Paper)."},{"key":"6_CR21","first-page":"xlii","volume-title":"The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957\u20131964","author":"R Hyam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holland, \u2018The imperial factor\u2019, 1984, p. 179; R. Hyam and W. R. Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957\u20131964, vol. 1, High Policy, Political and Constitutional Change, London, TSO, 2000, p. xlii."},{"key":"6_CR22","volume-title":"L\u2019idee coloniale en Trance de 1871 a","author":"R Girardet","year":"1962","unstructured":"R. Girardet, L\u2019idee coloniale en Trance de 1871 a 1962, Paris, Table Ronde, 1972, pp. 329\u2013332, 345\u2013346;"},{"key":"6_CR23","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Le spectateur engage: entretiens avec Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton","author":"R Aron","year":"2004","unstructured":"R. Aron, Le spectateur engage: entretiens avec Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton, Paris, Fallois, 2004. pp. 259 ff."},{"key":"6_CR24","first-page":"xvii","volume-title":"Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire","author":"D Cannadine","year":"2002","unstructured":"D. Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire, London, Penguin, 2002, p. xvii passim."},{"key":"6_CR25","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Prom World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s","author":"D Reynolds","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. Reynolds, Prom World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 309\u2013330;"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198203025.001.0001","volume-title":"The Internationalisation of Colonialism: Britain, Trance and Black Africa","author":"J Kent","year":"1992","unstructured":"J. Kent, The Internationalisation of Colonialism: Britain, Trance and Black Africa, Oxford, Clarendon, 1992, pp. 154\u2013155, 186."},{"key":"6_CR27","volume-title":"Trench Negotiating Behavior","author":"C Cogan","year":"2003","unstructured":"C. Cogan, Trench Negotiating Behavior, Washington, DC, USIP, 2003."},{"key":"6_CR28","first-page":"94","volume-title":"The Edge of the Sword","author":"C Gaulle de","year":"1960","unstructured":"C. de Gaulle, The Edge of the Sword, London, Faber & Faber, 1960, p. 94."},{"key":"6_CR29","first-page":"300","volume-title":"L\u2019id\u00e9e coloniale","author":"Girardet","year":"1972","unstructured":"Girardet, L\u2019id\u00e9e coloniale, 1972, pp. 300\u2013301."},{"key":"6_CR30","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Le Spectateur Engag\u00e9","author":"Aron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aron, Le Spectateur Engag\u00e9, 2004, p. 267 passim."},{"key":"6_CR31","first-page":"373","volume-title":"La R\u00e9publique: De Jules Terry \u00e0 Tran\u00e7ois Mitterrand \u2014 1880 \u00e0 nos jours","author":"M Agulhon","year":"1990","unstructured":"M. Agulhon, La R\u00e9publique: De Jules Terry \u00e0 Tran\u00e7ois Mitterrand \u2014 1880 \u00e0 nos jours, Paris, Hachette, 1990, p. 373."},{"key":"6_CR32","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Tran\u00e7ois Mitterrand et la guerre d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie","author":"F Malye","year":"2010","unstructured":"F. Malye and B. Stora, Tran\u00e7ois Mitterrand et la guerre d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, Paris, Calmann-L\u00e9vy 2010, pp. 57\u201358."},{"key":"6_CR33","first-page":"2284","volume-title":"Algeria: Trance\u2019s Undeclared War","author":"M Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Thomas, Algeria: Trance\u2019s Undeclared War, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 2284\u20132297."},{"key":"6_CR34","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Strategy and Ethnocentrism","author":"K Booth","year":"1979","unstructured":"K. Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism, New York, NY, Holmes and Maier, 1979, p. 64."},{"key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501717871","volume-title":"Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition","author":"H Spruyt","year":"2005","unstructured":"H. Spruyt, Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 265 passim."},{"key":"6_CR36","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Imperialism and Colonialism","author":"R Aron","year":"1959","unstructured":"R. Aron, Imperialism and Colonialism, Leeds, The University of Leeds, 1959, p. 6."},{"key":"6_CR37","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Le Temps Perdu","author":"R Trinquier","year":"1978","unstructured":"R. Trinquier, Le Temps Perdu, Paris, Albin Michel, 1978, pp. 357, 365."},{"key":"6_CR38","first-page":"48","volume-title":"La D\u00e9faite des G\u00e9n\u00e9raux: Le Pouvoir Politique et l\u2019Arm\u00e9e sous la Ve R\u00e9publique","author":"S Cohen","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Cohen, La D\u00e9faite des G\u00e9n\u00e9raux: Le Pouvoir Politique et l\u2019Arm\u00e9e sous la Ve R\u00e9publique, Paris, Fayard, 1994, p. 48."},{"key":"6_CR39","first-page":"41","volume-title":"M\u00e9moirs d\u2019Espoir: Le renouveau 1958\u20131962","author":"C Gaulle de","year":"1970","unstructured":"C. de Gaulle, M\u00e9moirs d\u2019Espoir: Le renouveau 1958\u20131962, Paris, Plon, 1970, pp. 41\u201342."},{"key":"6_CR40","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Paul \u00c9ly et la politique de d\u00e9fense (1956\u20131961)","author":"M Faivre","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Gaulle to \u00c9ly, 8 November 1960. See M. Faivre, Le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Paul \u00c9ly et la politique de d\u00e9fense (1956\u20131961), Paris, Economica, 1998, p. 83."},{"key":"6_CR41","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Foccartparle: Entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard","author":"J Foccart","year":"1995","unstructured":"J. Foccart, Foccartparle: Entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard, vol. 1, Paris, Fayard\/Jeune Afrique, 1995, pp. 194\u2013195, 223."},{"key":"6_CR42","volume-title":"Le Syndrome Foccart: Politique Francaise En Afrique, 1959 \u00e0 nos fours","author":"J-P Bat","year":"2012","unstructured":"J.-P. Bat, Le Syndrome Foccart: Politique Francaise En Afrique, 1959 \u00e0 nos fours, Paris, Gallimard, 2012."},{"key":"6_CR43","first-page":"228","volume-title":"The Diplomats 1939\u20131979","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"1994","unstructured":"For a carefully nuanced analysis of de Gaulle\u2019s policy of grandeur, see S. Hoffmann, The Diplomats 1939\u20131979, Princeton, NY, Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 228\u2013254;"},{"key":"6_CR44","volume-title":"La puissance ou l\u2019influence? La France dans le monde depuis 1958","author":"M Va\u00efsse","year":"2009","unstructured":"see also M. Va\u00efsse, La puissance ou l\u2019influence? La France dans le monde depuis 1958, Paris, Fayard, 2009."},{"key":"6_CR45","first-page":"277","volume-title":"The Past has Another Pattern","author":"G Ball","year":"1982","unstructured":"G. Ball, The Past has Another Pattern, New York, NY, Norton, 1982, p. 277."},{"key":"6_CR46","first-page":"62","volume":"15","author":"V Alexandre","year":"1995","unstructured":"V. Alexandre, \u2018A \u00c1frica no imagin\u00e2rio portugu\u00eas, s\u00e9culos XIX\u2013XX\u2019, Pen\u00e9lope, 15, 1995, p. 62.","journal-title":"Pen\u00e9lope"},{"key":"6_CR47","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Quase Mem\u00f3rias do Colonialismo e Descoloniza\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"A Santos","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. Santos, Quase Mem\u00f3rias do Colonialismo e Descoloniza\u00e7\u00e3o, vol. 1, Cruz Quebrada, Casa das Letras, 2006, p. 16."},{"key":"6_CR48","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Quase Mem\u00f3rias","author":"Santos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Santos, Quase Mem\u00f3rias, 2006, p. 16."},{"key":"6_CR49","volume-title":"O Colonialismo dos Anticolonialistas","author":"C Leal","year":"1961","unstructured":"For an example of this among the most distinguished adversaries of Salazar see C. Leal, O Colonialismo dos Anticolonialistas, Lisbon, Autor, 1961."},{"key":"6_CR50","first-page":"46","volume-title":"\u2018O Modo Portugu\u00eas de Estar no Mundo\u2019: O luso-tropicalismo e a ideo-logia colonial portuguesa (1933\u20131961)","author":"C Castelo","year":"1998","unstructured":"C. Castelo, \u2018O Modo Portugu\u00eas de Estar no Mundo\u2019: O luso-tropicalismo e a ideo-logia colonial portuguesa (1933\u20131961), Oporto, Afrontamento, 1998, p. 46."},{"key":"6_CR51","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Jogos Africanos","author":"JN Pinto","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. N. Pinto, Jogos Africanos, Lisbon, A Estera dos Livras, 2008, pp. 16\u201317 passim."},{"key":"6_CR52","first-page":"50","volume-title":"O Modo Portugu\u00eas","author":"Castelo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Castelo, O Modo Portugu\u00eas, 1998, pp. 50, 57."},{"key":"6_CR53","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Discursos e Nota Politicas","author":"A Salazar","year":"1958","unstructured":"A. de O. Salazar, \u2018A atmosfera mundial e os problemas nacionais\u2019, Discursos e Nota Politicas, vol. 5: 1951\u20131958, Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1958, pp. 414\u2013444."},{"key":"6_CR54","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Depoimento","author":"M Caetano","year":"1974","unstructured":"M Caetano, Depoimento, Rio de Janeiro, Record, 1974, pp. 17, 33\u201334."},{"key":"6_CR55","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Metropolitan Revolution","author":"Macqueen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Macqueen, Metropolitan Revolution, 1997, pp. 67, 80, 92."},{"key":"6_CR56","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Melo Antunes: O Sonhador Pragm\u00e1tico","author":"MM Cruzeiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"M. M. Cruzeiro, Melo Antunes: O Sonhador Pragm\u00e1tico, Lisbon, Not\u00edcias, 2005, p. 70."}],"container-title":["The Ends of European Colonial Empires"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/9781137394064_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T15:52:17Z","timestamp":1600617137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1057\/9781137394064_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9781349679072","9781137394064"],"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137394064_6","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}