{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:58:06Z","timestamp":1768705086306,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1037,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005727","name":"Universidade de Coimbra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. polit. sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Portuguese emigration has a long global history and, in recent decades, has increased substantially and diversified its range of destinations. Recent emigration, predominantly to the European Union and Lusophone countries in Africa, complemented the traditional 19th to twentieth centuries\u2019 waves of emigration to the Americas. The Portuguese Diaspora is multigenerational and globally distributed, although diverse. How are those generations of migrants organized within the local spaces of the Diaspora? Based on an innovative survey of more than 500 Portuguese Diaspora organisations, this paper shows how migrant engagement policies and practices are evolving and dealing with the new types of Diaspora relations, organisations and institutions. The main output of this research is an exploratory typology of the contemporary apparatuses of these Portuguese Diaspora systems and their nodes. This typology characterises the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens through their participation in associations and other social networks. With this pioneering paper, we intend to open a discussion regarding the means and forms available to mobilise current and past emigrant groups within a meaningful Diaspora policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1057\/s41304-022-00412-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T19:03:25Z","timestamp":1674587005000},"page":"10-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Migrant associations, other social networks of Portuguese Diaspora, and the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"G\u00f3is","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"412_CR1","first-page":"11","volume":"81","author":"K Barry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barry, K. 2006. Home and away: the construction of citizenship in an emigration context. NYUL Rev. 81: 11.","journal-title":"NYUL Rev."},{"key":"412_CR2","volume-title":"Transnational citizenship: membership and rights in international migration","author":"R Baub\u00f6ck","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baub\u00f6ck, R. 1994. Transnational citizenship: membership and rights in international migration. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing."},{"key":"412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/9789089642387","volume-title":"Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods","author":"R Baub\u00f6ck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baub\u00f6ck, R. and Faist, T. 2010. Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press."},{"key":"412_CR4","unstructured":"Bessa, P. 2009. A comunidade lus\u00edada em Joanesburgo, Fronteira do Caos Editores"},{"key":"412_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0141987042000289997","volume":"28","author":"R Brubaker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brubaker, R. 2005. The \u2018Diaspora\u2019Diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28: 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Ethnic and Racial Studies"},{"key":"412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2017.1308533","volume":"40","author":"R Brubaker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brubaker, R. 2017. Revisiting \u201cthe \u2018Diaspora\u2019Diaspora.\u201d Ethnic and Racial Studies 40: 1556\u20131561.","journal-title":"Ethnic and Racial Studies"},{"key":"412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-018-0076-4","volume":"6","author":"R Careja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Careja, R. and Bevelander, P. 2018. Using population registers for migration and integration research: Examples from Denmark and Sweden. Comparative Migration Studies 6: 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Comparative Migration Studies"},{"key":"412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.2009.00530.x","volume":"48","author":"M Caselli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caselli, M. 2010. Integration, participation, identity: Immigrant associations in the province of Milan. International Migration 48: 58\u201378.","journal-title":"International Migration"},{"key":"412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003256526","volume-title":"Global diasporas: An introduction","author":"R Cohen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen, R. 2022. Global diasporas: An introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge."},{"key":"412_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137277107","volume-title":"Emigration nations","author":"M Collyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Collyer, M. 2013. Emigration nations. London: Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"412_CR11","unstructured":"Cravo, A. 1995. Les Portugais en France leur mouvement associatif (1901\u20131986), Paris, CIEMI-L\u2019Harmmattan."},{"key":"412_CR12","volume-title":"A democracia na Am\u00e9rica: leis e costumes","author":"A de Tocqueville","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Tocqueville, A. 2005. A democracia na Am\u00e9rica: leis e costumes. S\u00e3o Paulo: Martins Fontes."},{"key":"412_CR23","unstructured":"De Haas, H. 2006. Engaging Diasporas. How Governments and Development Agencies can support Diaspora Involvement in the Development of Origin Countries. A Study for Oxfam Novib. Den Haag."},{"key":"412_CR13","volume-title":"Transnationalism. Routledge international handbook of migration studies","author":"T Faist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faist, T. and Bilecen, B. 2019. Transnationalism. Routledge international handbook of migration studies. Oxfordshire: Routledge."},{"key":"412_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman-Bianco, B. 1992. Multiple layers of time and space: The construction of class, ethnicity, and nationalism among Portuguese Immigrants. In Towards a transnational perspective on migration, ed. N.G. Schiller, L. Basch, and C. Szanton, 145\u2013174. New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Science.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33490.x"},{"key":"412_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/remi.4442","author":"R Fibbi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fibbi, R., D\u2019Amato, G. and  Hilly, M.-A.\u00a02008. Pratiques transnationales-mobilit\u00e9 et territorialit\u00e9s. Revue europ\u00e9enne des migrations internationales. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/remi.4442.","journal-title":"Revue europ\u00e9enne des migrations internationales"},{"key":"412_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-0124.00144","volume":"51","author":"AM Findlay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Findlay, A.M. and Li, F. 1999. Methodological issues in researching migration. The Professional Geographer 51: 50\u201359.","journal-title":"The Professional Geographer"},{"key":"412_CR17","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Diaspora engagement policies: What are they and what kinds of states use them?","author":"A Gamlen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gamlen, A. 2006. Diaspora engagement policies: What are they and what kinds of states use them?, 32. Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, WP: University of Oxford."},{"key":"412_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2008.10.004","volume":"27","author":"A Gamlen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gamlen, A. 2008. The emigration state and the modern geopolitical imagination. Political Geography 27: 840\u2013856.","journal-title":"Political Geography"},{"key":"412_CR19","volume-title":"Migrantenorganisationen\u2013eine systemtheoretische Skizze. Jenseits von Identit\u00e4t oder Integration\u2019","author":"P Goeke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goeke, P. 2010. Migrantenorganisationen\u2013eine systemtheoretische Skizze. Jenseits von Identit\u00e4t oder Integration\u2019. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"412_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/202051","volume":"1","author":"M Granovetter","year":"1983","unstructured":"Granovetter, M. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory 1: 201\u2013233.","journal-title":"Sociological Theory"},{"key":"412_CR21","unstructured":"Grassi, M. and Melo, D. 2007. Portugal na Europa e a quest\u00e3o migrat\u00f3ria: associativismo, identidades e pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas de integra\u00e7\u00e3o. ICS Working Paper."},{"key":"412_CR22","first-page":"3","volume":"6","author":"LE Guarnizo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guarnizo, L.E. and Smith, M.P. 1998. The locations of transnationalism. Transnationalism from below 6: 3\u201334.","journal-title":"Transnationalism from below"},{"key":"412_CR24","first-page":"1126","volume":"34","author":"J Itzigsohn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Itzigsohn, J. 2000. Immigration and the boundaries of citizenship: The institutions of immigrants\u2019 political transnationalism. International Migration Review 34: 1126\u20131154.","journal-title":"International Migration Review"},{"key":"412_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluge, S. 1999. Empirisch begr\u00fcndete Typenbildung. Zur Konstruktion von Typen und Typologien in der qualitativen Sozialforschung, Opladen, Leske & Budrich","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-97436-5"},{"key":"412_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203077283","volume-title":"Transnational politics and the state: The external voting rights of Diasporas","author":"J-M Lafleur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lafleur, J.-M. 2013. Transnational politics and the state: The external voting rights of Diasporas. London: Routledge."},{"key":"412_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/0141987032000087325","volume":"26","author":"P Levitt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levitt, P. and De La Dehesa, R. 2003. Transnational migration and the redefinition of the state: Variations and explanations. Ethnic and Racial Studies 26: 587\u2013611.","journal-title":"Ethnic and Racial Studies"},{"key":"412_CR28","unstructured":"Mahroum, S., Eldridge, C. and Daar, A.S. 2006. Transnational diaspora options: How developing countries could benefit from their emigrant populations. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 8: 25\u201342."},{"issue":"2","key":"412_CR29","first-page":"147","volume":"24","author":"JC Marques","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marques, J.C. and G\u00f3is, P. 2008. Peut\u2019on mesurer les pratiques transnacionales? Les Raisons De La Faiblesse Des Pratiques Transnationales Des Cap-Verdiens Au Portugal Et Des Portugais En Suisse, Revue Europ\u00e9enne Des Migrations International 24 (2): 147\u2013165.","journal-title":"Les Raisons De La Faiblesse Des Pratiques Transnationales Des Cap-Verdiens Au Portugal Et Des Portugais En Suisse, Revue Europ\u00e9enne Des Migrations International"},{"key":"412_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, J.C. and G\u00f3is, P. 2013. Portuguese emigrants and the State: an ambivalent relationship. In Emigration Nations: the ideologies and policies of emigrant engagement, ed. C. Michael. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137277107_11"},{"key":"412_CR31","unstructured":"Marques, J. C. 2014. A emigra\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa contempor\u00e2nea e o Estado: uma Na\u00e7\u00e3o dispersa, um Estado long\u00ednquo. Revista Popula\u00e7\u00e3o e Sociedade, 55\u201371."},{"key":"412_CR32","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Associativismo, emigra\u00e7\u00e3o e na\u00e7\u00e3o: o caso portugu\u00eas. Constru\u00e7\u00e3o da Na\u00e7\u00e3o e Associativismo na Emigra\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa","author":"D Melo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melo, D. and Silva, E. 2009. Associativismo, emigra\u00e7\u00e3o e na\u00e7\u00e3o: o caso portugu\u00eas. Constru\u00e7\u00e3o da Na\u00e7\u00e3o e Associativismo na Emigra\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa, 31\u201369. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ci\u00eancias Sociais."},{"key":"412_CR33","volume-title":"Visualizing the Diaspora: New options. Diasporas, development and governance","author":"J-B Meyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meyer, J.-B., Miao, F.W. and Zhao, Y. 2016. Visualizing the Diaspora: New options. Diasporas, development and governance. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"412_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3406\/homig.2002.3809","volume":"1236","author":"M-C Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, M.-C. 2002. Le renouveau de la cr\u00e9ation culturelle dans les associations portugaises. Hommes & Migrations 1236: 82\u201392.","journal-title":"Hommes & Migrations"},{"key":"412_CR35","unstructured":"Noirjean, S. and Vodoz, L. 2009. Diasporas et TIC: la territorialit\u00e9 en question. L'exemple de la communaut\u00e9 des Albanais du Kosovo en Suisse."},{"key":"412_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230512429","volume-title":"International migration and sending countries: perceptions, policies and transnational relations","author":"E \u00d8stergaard-Nielsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard-Nielsen, E. 2003. International migration and sending countries: perceptions, policies and transnational relations. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"412_CR37","volume-title":"Portugiesische migrationen: Geschichte, repr\u00e4sentation und erinnerungskulturen","author":"T Pinheiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pinheiro, T. 2009. Portugiesische migrationen: Geschichte, repr\u00e4sentation und erinnerungskulturen. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"412_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, R., Pereira, C., Azevedo, J., Esp\u00edrito-Santo, I. and Vidigal, I. 2016. Portuguese emigration factbook 2015.","DOI":"10.15847\/CIESOEMFB2015"},{"key":"412_CR39","first-page":"18","volume":"26","author":"A Portes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Portes, A. 1996. The downside of social capital. The American Prospect 26: 18\u201321.","journal-title":"The American Prospect"},{"key":"412_CR40","unstructured":"Prandner, D. and Weichbold, M. 2019. Building a sampling frame for migrant populations via an onomastic approach: lesson learned from the Austrian Immigrant Survey 2016. Survey Methods: Insights from the Field, 1\u201320."},{"key":"412_CR41","volume-title":"Identity: Community, culture, difference","author":"J Rutherford","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rutherford, J. 1990. Identity: Community, culture, difference. London: Lawrence & Wishart."},{"key":"412_CR42","volume-title":"Immigrant associations, integration and identity: Angolan, Brazilian and Eastern European communities in Portugal","author":"J Sardinha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sardinha, J. 2009. Immigrant associations, integration and identity: Angolan, Brazilian and Eastern European communities in Portugal. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press."},{"key":"412_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830500177792","volume":"31","author":"M Schrover","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schrover, M. and Vermeulen, F. 2005. Immigrant organisations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31: 823\u2013832.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"key":"412_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C. 2014. Engaging the Diaspora in an era of transnationalism. IZA World of Labor","DOI":"10.15185\/izawol.64"},{"key":"412_CR45","unstructured":"Thr\u00e4nhardt, D. 2013. Migrantenorganisationen. Engagement, Transnationalit\u00e4t und Integration. Migrantenorganisationen: Engagement, Transnationalit\u00e4t und Integration, 5\u201320."},{"key":"412_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781781005231","volume-title":"Handbook of research methods in migration","author":"C Vargas-Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vargas-Silva, C. 2012. Handbook of research methods in migration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar."},{"key":"412_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vathi, Z. and Trandafoiu, R. 2023. The Politics of EU diaspora in the UK post-Brexit: civic organisations' multi-scalar lobbying and mobilisation strategies, European Political Science, 22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00407-4","DOI":"10.1057\/s41304-022-00407-4"},{"key":"412_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wackenhut, A. and Orjuela, C. 2023. Engaging the next generation: authoritarian regimes and their young diaspora. European Political Science, 22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00409-2","DOI":"10.1057\/s41304-022-00409-2"},{"key":"412_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736283","volume-title":"The cross-border connection","author":"R Waldinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waldinger, R. 2015. The cross-border connection. Harvard: Harvard University Press."}],"container-title":["European Political Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00412-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00412-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00412-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1680433300009278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T08:57:31Z","timestamp":1767257851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1680433300009278\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1680433300009278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41304-022-00412-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1680-4333","1682-0983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-4333","type":"print"},{"value":"1682-0983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}