{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:42:37Z","timestamp":1753872157629,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["ascelibrary.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Civ. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1061\/jccee5.cpeng-5384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T10:05:46Z","timestamp":1715162746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/do.news.20190416.0001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vehicle Turn-Signal Detection for Automated Flagging Systems"],"prefix":"10.1061","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-1770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (corresponding author). ORCID: ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"30","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Ahmed A. E.-R. Khaled and L. Liang. 2017. \u201cImpact of flaggers on safety and mobility of highway work zones.\u201d In Proc. Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conf. and General Meeting 2017: Leadership in Sustainable Infrastructure 264\u2013271. Vancouver Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almagambetov A. M. Casares and S. Velipasalar. 2012. \u201cAutonomous tracking of vehicle rear lights and detection of brakes and turn signals.\u201d In Proc. 2012 IEEE Symp. on Computational Intelligence for Security and Defence Applications 1\u20137. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISDA.2012.6291543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Guidance on the use of automated flagger assistance devices","author":"American Traffic Safety Services Association","year":"2012","unstructured":"American Traffic Safety Services Association. 2012. Guidance on the use of automated flagger assistance devices. Fredericksburg, VA: American Traffic Safety Services Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/304181.304187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann P. T. Meinhardt and L. Leal-Taixe. 2019. \u201cTracking without bells and whistles.\u201d In Proc. IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. on Computer Vision 941\u2013951. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bewley A. Z. Ge L. Ott F. Ramos and B. Upcroft. 2016. \u201cSimple online and realtime tracking.\u201d In Proc. 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP) 3464\u20133468. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7533003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy A. C.-Y. Wang and H.-Y M. Liao. 2020. \u201cYolov4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection.\u201d Preprint submitted April 23 2020. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.10934."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carion N. F. Massa G. Synnaeve N. Usunier A. Kirillov and S. Zagoruyko. 2020. \u201cEnd-to-end object detection with transformers.\u201d In Proc. European Conf. on Computer Vision 213\u2013229. Cham Switzerland: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"Chaabane M. P. Zhang J. R. Beveridge and S. O\u2019Hara. 2021. \u201cDeft: Detection embeddings for tracking.\u201d Preprint submitted February 3 2021. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.02267."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Autoflagger in Virginia","author":"Cottrell B. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cottrell, B. H. 2006. Evaluation of the Autoflagger in Virginia. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Transportation Research Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui Z. S.-W. Yang and H.-M. Tsai. 2015. \u201cA vision-based hierarchical framework for autonomous front-vehicle taillights detection and signal recognition.\u201d In Proc. 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems 931\u2013937. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Dai J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dai, J., Y. Li, K. He, and J. Sun. 2016. \u201cR-FCN: Object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks.\u201d In Advances in neural information processing systems, 29. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy A. et al. 2020. \u201cAn image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale.\u201d Preprint submitted October 22 2020. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.11929."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2009. \u201cManual on uniform traffic control devices.\u201d Accessed December 1 2023. https:\/\/nacto.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/ mutcd2009edition.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2337-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franke U. D. Pfeiffer C. Rabe C. Knoeppel M. Enzweiler F. Stein and R. Herrtwich. 2013. \u201cMaking Bertha see.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Vision Workshops 214\u2013221. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6hlich B. M. Enzweiler and U. Franke. 2014. \u201cWill this car change the lane? Turn signal recognition in the frequency domain.\u201d In Proc. 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. 37\u201342. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2014.6856477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frossard D. E. Kee and R. Urtasun. 2019. \u201cDeepsignals: Predicting intent of drivers through visual signals.\u201d In Proc. 2019 Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 9697\u20139703. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick R. 2015. \u201cFast R-CNN.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Vision 1440\u20131448. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick R. J. Donahue T. Darrell and J. Malik. 2014. \u201cRich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 580\u2013587. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22260\/ICRA2022\/0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K. G. Gkioxari P. Doll\u00e1r and R. Girshick. 2017. \u201cMask R-CNN.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Vision 2961\u20132969. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2389824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu H.-K. Y.-H. Tsai X. Mei K.-H. Lee N. Nagasaka D. Prokhorov and M.-H. Yang. 2017. \u201cLearning to tell brake and turn signals in videos using CNN-LSTM structure.\u201d In Proc. 2017 IEEE 20th Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 1\u20136. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","unstructured":"Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. 2018. \u201cFatal injuries at road construction sites among construction workers.\u201d Accessed March 23 2023. https:\/\/www.ishn.com\/articles\/109295-fatal-injuries-at-road-construction-sites-among-construction-workers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","volume-title":"Ultralytics\/yolov5: v6.1\u2013TensorRT, TensorFlow edge TPU and OpenVINO export and inference","author":"Jocher G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jocher, G., et al. 2022. Ultralytics\/yolov5: v6.1\u2013TensorRT, TensorFlow edge TPU and OpenVINO export and inference. Geneva: Zenodo."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee K.-H. T. Tagawa J.-E. Pan A. Gaidon and B. Douillard. 2019. \u201cAn attention-based recurrent convolutional network for vehicle taillight recognition.\u201d In Proc. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. 2365\u20132370. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3027421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin T.-Y. P. Doll\u00e1r R. Girshick K. He B. Hariharan and S. Belongie. 2017. \u201cFeature pyramid networks for object detection.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2117\u20132125. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W. D. Anguelov D. Erhan C. Szegedy S. Reed C.-Y. Fu and A. C. Berg. 2016. \u201cSSD: Single shot multibox detector.\u201d In Proc. European Conf. on Computer Vision 21\u201337. Cham Switzerland: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z. Y. Lin Y. Cao H. Hu Y. Wei Z. Zhang S. Lin and B. Guo. 2021. \u201cSwin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows.\u201d In Proc. IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. on Computer Vision 10012\u201310022. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park H. S. Jang and Y. Ha. 2020. \u201cReal-time multiple vehicle turn signal detection system based on energy representation.\u201d In Proc. 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. on Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp) 448\u2013451. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigComp48618.2020.00-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","volume-title":"Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","author":"Paszke A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paszke, A., et al. 2019. Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao S. L.-C. Chen and A. Yuille. 2021. \u201cDetectors: Detecting objects with recursive feature pyramid and switchable atrous convolution.\u201d In Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 10213\u201310224. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon J. S. Divvala R. Girshick and A. Farhadi. 2016. \u201cYou only look once: Unified real-time object detection.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 779\u2013788. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon J. and A. Farhadi. 2017. \u201cYOLO9000: Better faster stronger.\u201d In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 7263\u20137271. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","unstructured":"Redmon J. and A. Farhadi. 2018. \u201cYolov3: An incremental improvement.\u201d Preprint submitted April 8 2018. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.02767."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Ren S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren, S., K. He, R. Girshick, and J. Sun. 2015. \u201cFaster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks.\u201d In Advances in neural information processing systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetty A. K. I. Saha R. M. Sanghvi S. A. Save and Y. J. Patel. 2021. \u201cA review: Object detection models.\u201d In Proc. 2021 6th Int. Conf. for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) 1\u20138. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CT51068.2021.9417895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3160501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan M. R. Pang and Q. V. Le. 2020. \u201cEfficientdet: Scalable and efficient object detection.\u201d In Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 10781\u201310790. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","volume-title":"Field evaluation of automated flagger assistance devices (AFADS)","author":"Thompson B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson, B. 2008. Field evaluation of automated flagger assistance devices (AFADS). Washington, DC: Dept. of Transportation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines10080626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2337-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2022. \u201c33-9091 crossing guards and flaggers.\u201d Accessed March 12 2023. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/current\/oes339091.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Vaswani A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, \u0141. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin. 2017. \u201cAttention is all you need.\u201d In Advances in neural information processing systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojke N. A. Bewley and D. Paulus. 2017. \u201cSimple online and realtime tracking with a deep association metric.\u201d In Proc. 2017 IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP) 3645\u20133649. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoneda K. A. Kuramoto and N. Suganuma. 2017. \u201cConvolutional neural network based vehicle turn signal recognition.\u201d In Proc. 2017 Int. Conf. on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS) 204\u2013205. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIBMS.2017.8279693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou X. V. Koltun and P. Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl. 2020. \u201cTracking objects as points.\u201d In Proc. European Conf. on Computer Vision 474\u2013490. Cham Switzerland: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_28.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","unstructured":"Zhou X. D. Wang and P. Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl. 2019. \u201cObjects as points.\u201d Preprint submitted April 16 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1904.07850."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-5384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T10:06:13Z","timestamp":1715162773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-5384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-5384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/jccee5.cpeng-5384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0887-3801"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5487"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"04024020"}}