{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:59:30Z","timestamp":1775894370883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["ascelibrary.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Civ. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1061\/jccee5.cpeng-6479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T16:40:01Z","timestamp":1758645601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/do.news.20190416.0001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dimensionality of BIM LODs in the Digital Twin Continuum"],"prefix":"10.1061","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-5288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kofi A. B.","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Univ. of Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chimay J.","family":"Anumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"30","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36680\/j.itcon.2022.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"Digital documents guide","author":"AIA","year":"2022","unstructured":"AIA. 2022. Digital documents guide. Greenville, SC: AIA Contract Documents."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/F-11-2020-0124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"Autodesk. 2021. \u201cDemystifying digital twin.\u201d Accessed October 18 2022. https:\/\/damassets.autodesk.net\/content\/dam\/autodesk\/www\/solutions\/digital-twin\/architecture-engineering-construction\/pdf\/adsk-aec-digital-twin-ebook.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000433"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"BIMForum. 2021. \u201c2021 Level of development (LOD) specification\u2014Part I guide & commentary.\u201d Accessed April 17 2022. https:\/\/bimforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/LOD-Spec-2021-Parts-I-and-II-FINAL-2021-12-28.zip."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"BIMForum. 2022. \u201cLevel of development (LOD) specification 2021 supplement.\u201d Accessed September 18 2023. https:\/\/bimforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Supplement-to-LOD-Spec-2021-2022-12-29.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","article-title":"Analyzing Likert data","volume":"50","author":"Boone H. N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boone, H. N., Jr., and D. Boone. 2012. \u201cAnalyzing Likert data.\u201d J. Ext. 50 (2): 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34068\/joe.50.02.48.","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2022.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, designers, engineers, contractors, and facility managers","author":"Eastman C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eastman, C., R. Sacks, G. Lee, and P. Teicholz. 2018. BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, designers, engineers, contractors, and facility managers. Newark, NJ: Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"High-performance marine vehicles at: Zevenwacht, South-Africa","author":"Erikstad S. O.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erikstad, S. O. 2017. \u201cMerging physics, big data analytics and simulation for the next-generation digital twins.\u201d In High-performance marine vehicles at: Zevenwacht, South-Africa, 129\u2013132. Hamburg, Germany: Technische Universit\u00e4t Hamburg-Harburg."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116689707"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The use of maturity modelsgrids as a tool in assessing product development capability","author":"Fraser P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fraser, P., J. Moultrie, and M. Gregory. 2002. \u201cThe use of maturity modelsgrids as a tool in assessing product development capability.\u201d In Proc., IEEE Int. Eng. Manage. Conf., 18\u201320. Cambridge, UK: IEEE.","journal-title":"Proc., IEEE Int. Eng. Manage. Conf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/F-11-2017-0112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.111988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Insight report: Innovation & R & D in construction","author":"KPMG (Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler)","year":"2022","unstructured":"KPMG (Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler). 2022. Insight report: Innovation & R & D in construction. Ontario: KPMG LLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/124249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","first-page":"366","volume-title":"Computing in civil engineering 2021","author":"Madubuike O. C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madubuike, O. C., and C. J. Anumba. 2021. \u201cDigital twin application in healthcare facilities management.\u201d In Computing in civil engineering 2021, 366\u2013373. Reston, VA: ASCE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/9780784483893.046."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11073062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.100755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","volume-title":"Building information modeling for airports","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine","year":"2016","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. 2016. Building information modeling for airports. ACRP Synth. 70. Washington, DC: National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Describing the changes in architectural information technology to understand design complexity and free-form architectural expression","volume":"11","author":"Penttil\u00e4 H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Penttil\u00e4, H. 2006. \u201cDescribing the changes in architectural information technology to understand design complexity and free-form architectural expression.\u201d J. Inf. Technol. Construct. 11 (Jan): 395\u2013408.","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Construct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"Digital twins from design to handover of constructed assets","author":"Seaton H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seaton, H., C. Savian, S. M. E. Sepasgozar, and A. Sawhney. 2022. Digital twins from design to handover of constructed assets. London: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817630-6.00001-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001389"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"A 6-step systematic process for model-based facility data delivery","volume":"22","author":"Thabet W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thabet, W., and J. D. Lucas. 2017b. \u201cA 6-step systematic process for model-based facility data delivery.\u201d J. Inf. Technol. Construct. 22: 104\u2013131.","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Construct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/F-01-2018-0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000948"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5092078"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-6479","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T16:40:06Z","timestamp":1758645606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-6479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-6479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/jccee5.cpeng-6479","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5487","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"04025112"}}