{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T19:10:28Z","timestamp":1775934628659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["ascelibrary.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Struct. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T10:11:23Z","timestamp":1632391883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/do.news.20190416.0001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["New Model for the Lap-Splice Length of Tensile Reinforcement in Concrete Elements"],"prefix":"10.1061","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Karimipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Dept. of Civil Engineering at Texas, The Member of Center for Transportation Infrastructure Systems, Univ. of Texas at El Paso, TX 79968 (corresponding author)."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-7812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mansour","family":"Ghalehnovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi Univ. of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran. ORCID: ."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-004, Portugal. ORCID: ."}]}],"member":"30","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-011-0689-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7949(02)00437-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"922","article-title":"Proposed modifications to ACI 318-95 tension development and lap splice for high-strength concrete","volume":"96","author":"Azizinamini A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Azizinamini, A., D. Darwin, R. Eligehausen, R. Pavel, and S. K. Ghosh. 1999a. \u201cProposed modifications to ACI 318-95 tension development and lap splice for high-strength concrete.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 96 (6): 922\u2013927.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"826","article-title":"Behavior of lap-spliced reinforcing area embedded in high-strength concrete","volume":"96","author":"Azizinamini A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Azizinamini, A., R. Pavel, E. Hatfield, and S. K. Ghosh. 1999b. \u201cBehavior of lap-spliced reinforcing area embedded in high-strength concrete.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 96 (5): 826\u2013836.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"554","article-title":"Bond performance of reinforcing bars embedded in high-strength concrete","volume":"90","author":"Azizinamini A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Azizinamini, A., M. Stark, J. J. Roller, and S. K. Ghosh. 1993. \u201cBond performance of reinforcing bars embedded in high-strength concrete.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 90 (5): 554\u2013561.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","volume-title":"Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings","author":"BSI (British Standards Institution)","year":"2011","unstructured":"BSI (British Standards Institution). 2011. Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings. Eurocode 2. London: BSI."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.132"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"Spacing of spliced bars in beams","volume":"54","author":"Chamberlin S. J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Chamberlin, S. J. 1958. \u201cSpacing of spliced bars in beams.\u201d ACI J. Proc. 54 (2): 689\u2013697.","journal-title":"ACI J. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Genetic algorithms and engineering design","author":"Cheng R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheng, R. 2000. Genetic algorithms and engineering design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Lapped splices in reinforced concrete beams","volume":"52","author":"Chinn J.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chinn, J., P. M. Ferguson, and J. N. Thompson. 1955. \u201cLapped splices in reinforced concrete beams.\u201d ACI J. Proc. 52 (10): 201\u2013213.","journal-title":"ACI J. Proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Bond of epoxy-coated reinforcement: Bar parameters","volume":"88","author":"Choi O. C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Choi, O. C., H. Hadje-Ghaffari, D. Darwin, and S. L. McCabe. 1991. \u201cBond of epoxy-coated reinforcement: Bar parameters.\u201d ACI Mater. J. 88 (2): 207\u2013217.","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Splice strength of high relative rib area reinforcing bars","volume":"93","author":"Darwin D.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Darwin, D., M. L. Tholen, E. K. Idun, and J. Zuo. 1996. \u201cSplice strength of high relative rib area reinforcing bars.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 93 (1): 95\u2013107.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"669","article-title":"A discussion of \u2018behavior of lap-spliced reinforcing bars embedded in high strength concrete","volume":"97","author":"Esfahani M. R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. R. 2000. \u201cA discussion of \u2018behavior of lap-spliced reinforcing bars embedded in high strength concrete.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 97 (4): 669\u2013670.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Esfahani M. R. 2001. \u201cEffect of silica fume superplasticizer and concrete strength on steel-concrete bond.\u201d In Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Concrete Under Severe Conditions 1303\u20131310. Orlando FL: National Academy of Science Engineering Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Development\/splice length of reinforcing bars","volume":"102","author":"Esfahani M. R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. R., and M. R. Kianoush. 2005. \u201cDevelopment\/splice length of reinforcing bars.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 102 (1): 22\u201330.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Studies on bond between concrete and reinforcing bars","author":"Esfahani M. R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. R., and B. V. Rangan. 1996. Studies on bond between concrete and reinforcing bars. Perth, Australia: Curtin Univ. of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"Esfahani M. R. and B. V. Rangan. 1997. \u201cBond between high-performance concrete (HPC) and reinforcing bars in splices of beams.\u201d In Proc. 3rd CANMET\/ACI Int. Conf. on High-Performance Concrete 971\u2013992. Farmington Hills MI: American Concrete Institute."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Local bond strength of reinforcing bars in normal strength and high-strength concrete (HSC)","volume":"95","author":"Esfahani M. R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. R., and B. V. Rangan. 1998. \u201cLocal bond strength of reinforcing bars in normal strength and high-strength concrete (HSC).\u201d ACI Struct. J. 95 (2): 96\u2013106.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(00)00005-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Lapped splices for high strength reinforcing bars","volume":"62","author":"Ferguson P. M.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Ferguson, P. M., and J. E. Breen. 1965. \u201cLapped splices for high strength reinforcing bars.\u201d ACI J. Proc. 62 (9): 1063\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AIMSEC.2011.6010067.","journal-title":"ACI J. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","volume-title":"Tensile lap splices\u2014Part 1: Retaining wall type, varying moment zone","author":"Ferguson P. M.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ferguson, P. M., and E. A. Briceno. 1969. Tensile lap splices\u2014Part 1: Retaining wall type, varying moment zone. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","volume-title":"Tensile lap splices\u2014Part 2: Design recommendation for retaining wall splices and large bar splices","author":"Ferguson P. M.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ferguson, P. M., and C. N. Krishnaswamy. 1971. Tensile lap splices\u2014Part 2: Design recommendation for retaining wall splices and large bar splices. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"87","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ferreira, C. 2001. \u201cGene expression programming: A new adaptive algorithm for solving problems.\u201d Evolv. Syst.: Biol. Hardware 13 (2): 87\u2013129.","journal-title":"Evolv. Syst.: Biol. Hardware"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-011-0734-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2015.05.007"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of steel fibres on failure extension of recycled aggregate concrete beams with lap-spliced bars","volume":"18","author":"Ghalehnovi M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghalehnovi, M., M. Frokhpour Tabrizi, and A. Karimipour. 2019a. \u201cInvestigation of the effect of steel fibres on failure extension of recycled aggregate concrete beams with lap-spliced bars.\u201d Sharif J. Civ. Eng. 18 (12): 109\u2013123.","journal-title":"Sharif J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.136"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Bond of epoxy-coated reinforcement: Splices","volume":"90","author":"Hester C. J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hester, C. J., S. Salamizavaregh, D. Darwin, and S. L. McCabe. 1993. \u201cBond of epoxy-coated reinforcement: Splices.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 90 (1): 89\u2013102.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Evaluation of ultimate conditions of FRP-confined concrete columns using genetic programming","volume":"162","author":"Jian C. L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jian, C. L. 2016. \u201cEvaluation of ultimate conditions of FRP-confined concrete columns using genetic programming.\u201d Comput. Struct. 162 (1): 28\u201337.","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"116853","article-title":"The effect of steel fibres on flexural cracking of fibre in reinforced concrete beams with lap-spliced bars","volume":"31","author":"Karimipour A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karimipour, A., and M. R. Esfahani. 2017. \u201cThe effect of steel fibres on flexural cracking of fibre in reinforced concrete beams with lap-spliced bars.\u201d Ferdowsi Univ. J. Civ. Eng. 31 (21): 116853.","journal-title":"Ferdowsi Univ. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.102090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"An investigation of the parameters influencing bond behavior with a view towards establishing design criteria","author":"Kemp E. L.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kemp, E. L., W. J. Wilhelm, N. J. Chen, and R. B. Alke. 1977. An investigation of the parameters influencing bond behavior with a view towards establishing design criteria. Morgantown, VA: West Virginia Univ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection","author":"Koza J. R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Koza, J. R. 1992. Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Evolvable systems: From biology to hardware","author":"Koza J. R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koza, J. R., D. Andre, M. A. Keane, F. H. Bennett, and J. R. Koza. 1997. \u201cEvolution of a 60-decibel op-amp using genetic programming.\u201d In Evolvable systems: From biology to hardware, 453\u2013469. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2010.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaiee-Pajand M. A. Karimipour and M. Attari. 2020a. \u201cA precise splice length model for reinforced concrete structures.\u201d Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 236\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jstbu.19.00078.","DOI":"10.1680\/jstbu.19.00078"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Crack spacing prediction of fibre-reinforced concrete beams with lap-spliced bars by machine learning models","volume":"10","author":"Rezaiee-Pajand M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rezaiee-Pajand, M., A. Karimipour, and J. Mohebbi Najm Abad. 2020b. \u201cCrack spacing prediction of fibre-reinforced concrete beams with lap-spliced bars by machine learning models.\u201d Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 10 (2): 26\u201337.","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Tensile lap splice under static loading: A review of the proposed ACI 318 code provisions","volume":"90","author":"Rezansoff T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rezansoff, T., A. Akanni, and B. Sparling. 1993. \u201cTensile lap splice under static loading: A review of the proposed ACI 318 code provisions.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 90 (4): 374\u2013384.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi M. Q. Lin Q. Zhang and H. Zhao. 2011. \u201cHybrid genetic tabu search simulated annealing algorithm and its application in vehicle routing problem with time windows.\u201d In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC) 4022\u20134025. New York: IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AIMSEC.2011.6010067.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIMSEC.2011.6010067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","unstructured":"Tepfers R. 1973. \u201cA theory of bond applied to overlapped tensile reinforcement splices for deformed bars.\u201d  Doctoral thesis Dept. of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Chalmers Univ. of Technology."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Behavior of multiple lap splices in wide sections","volume":"76","author":"Thompson M. A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Thompson, M. A., J. O. Jirsa, J. E. Breen, and D. F. Meinheit. 1979. \u201cBehavior of multiple lap splices in wide sections.\u201d ACI J. Proc. 76 (2): 227\u2013248.","journal-title":"ACI J. Proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Bond strength of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars","volume":"86","author":"Treece R. A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Treece, R. A., and J. O. Jirsa. 1989. \u201cBond strength of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars.\u201d ACI Mater. J. 86 (2): 167\u2013174.","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Splice strength of conventional and high relative rib area bars in normal and high-strength concrete","volume":"97","author":"Zuo J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zuo, J., and D. Darwin. 2000. \u201cSplice strength of conventional and high relative rib area bars in normal and high-strength concrete.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 97 (4): 630\u2013641.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Structural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1061\/%28ASCE%29ST.1943-541X.0003177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T22:34:29Z","timestamp":1654900469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/10.1061\/%28ASCE%29ST.1943-541X.0003177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003177","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-9445","1943-541X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-9445","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-541X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"04021204"}}