{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1754161759275,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["ascelibrary.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Struct. Des. Constr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1061\/jsdccc.sceng-1695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T09:44:04Z","timestamp":1753782244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/do.news.20190416.0001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Lateral Confinement on Concrete Columns Reinforced with Steel Bars with Uncertain Yield Strength"],"prefix":"10.1061","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Saad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NED Univ. of Engineering and Technology","place":["Pakistan"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-2920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Masood","family":"Rafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NED Univ. of Engineering and Technology","place":["Pakistan"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-8701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humberto","family":"Varum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Porto","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"30","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Experimental investigation of seismic repair of lap splice failures in damaged concrete columns","volume":"96","author":"Aboutaha R. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aboutaha, R. S., M. D. Engelhardt, J. O. Jirsa, and M. E. Kreger. 1999. \u201cExperimental investigation of seismic repair of lap splice failures in damaged concrete columns.\u201d Struct. J. 96 (2): 297\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/622.","journal-title":"Struct. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06654-1","article-title":"Mechanical strength variability of deformed reinforcing steel bars for concrete structures in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Achamyeleh T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Achamyeleh, T., H. \u00c7amur, M. A. Sava\u015f, and A. Evcil. 2022. \u201cMechanical strength variability of deformed reinforcing steel bars for concrete structures in Ethiopia.\u201d Sci. Rep. 12 (1): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-06654-1.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Guide for seismic rehabilitation of existing concrete frame buildings and commentary. ACI-369. Farmington Hills MI: ACI."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019a. Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary (ACI 374.1-05(19)). ACI-374.1. Farmington Hills MI: ACI."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019b. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary. ACI-318. Farmington Hills MI: ACI."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Evaluation of ductility index of concrete beams reinforced with rebars milled from scrap metals","volume":"7","author":"Apeh J. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Apeh, J. A., and O. G. Okoli. 2016. \u201cEvaluation of ductility index of concrete beams reinforced with rebars milled from scrap metals.\u201d Challenge J. Concr. Res. Lett. 7 (2): 56\u201368.","journal-title":"Challenge J. Concr. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","volume-title":"Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures","author":"ASCE","year":"2017","unstructured":"ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"ASTM. 2022. Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. A615\/A615M-16. West Conshohocken PA: ASTM."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:9(1402)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.115633","article-title":"Seismic behavior of recycled concrete columns reinforced with ultra-high-strength steel bars","volume":"279","author":"Cai R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai, R., J. Zhang, Y. Liu, and X. Tao. 2023. \u201cSeismic behavior of recycled concrete columns reinforced with ultra-high-strength steel bars.\u201d Eng. Struct. 279 (Sep): 115633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.115633.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.090","article-title":"Strength and ductility of RC columns strengthened with steel angles and battens","volume":"35","author":"Campione G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campione, G. 2012. \u201cStrength and ductility of RC columns strengthened with steel angles and battens.\u201d Constr. Build. Mater. 35 (Mar): 800\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.090.","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2010.04.045"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1139\/l04-080","article-title":"Ductility and linear analysis with moment redistribution in reinforced high-strength concrete beams","volume":"32","author":"Carmo R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmo, R., and S. M. Lopes. 2005. \u201cDuctility and linear analysis with moment redistribution in reinforced high-strength concrete beams.\u201d Can. J. Civ. Eng. 32 (1): 194\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/l04-080.","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.09.041","article-title":"Partial safety factor for resistance model uncertainties in 2D non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures","volume":"176","author":"Castaldo P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castaldo, P., D. Gino, G. Bertagnoli, and G. Mancini. 2018. \u201cPartial safety factor for resistance model uncertainties in 2D non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.\u201d Eng. Struct. 176 (Nov): 746\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.09.041.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2003. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance\u2014Part 1: General rules seismic actions and rules for buildings. Brussels Belgium: CEN."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2010)136:1(12)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-78251683"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"China Architecture and Building Press. 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. GB50010-2010. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"SAP2000 integrated software for structural analysis and design","author":"CSI (Computers and Structures)","year":"2015","unstructured":"CSI (Computers and Structures). 2015. SAP2000 integrated software for structural analysis and design. Berkeley, CA: CSI."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1515\/jmbm-2019-0003","article-title":"Confinement effect of different arrangements of transverse reinforcement on axially loaded concrete columns: An experimental study","volume":"28","author":"De Domenico D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Domenico, D., D. Falliano, and G. Ricciardi. 2019. \u201cConfinement effect of different arrangements of transverse reinforcement on axially loaded concrete columns: An experimental study.\u201d J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 28 (Jan): 13\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jmbm-2019-0003.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108637","article-title":"Seismic retrofitting of RC columns using stainless steel grid-reinforced UHPC jackets in plastic hinge zone","volume":"84","author":"Ding Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding, Y., B. Zeng, Z. Zhou, Y. Wei, and M. Zhu. 2024. \u201cSeismic retrofitting of RC columns using stainless steel grid-reinforced UHPC jackets in plastic hinge zone.\u201d J. Build. Eng. 84 (Jun): 108637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108637.","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072385"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.02.038","article-title":"Experimental behavior of beam-column joints made with EAF concrete under cyclic loading","volume":"139","author":"Faleschini F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faleschini, F., L. Hofer, M. A. Zanini, M. Dalla Benetta, and C. Pellegrino. 2017. \u201cExperimental behavior of beam-column joints made with EAF concrete under cyclic loading.\u201d Eng. Struct. 139 (Jun): 81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.02.038.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","unstructured":"Fedak L. K. 2012. \u201cEvaluation of plastic hinge models and inelastic analysis tools for performance-based seismic design of RC bridge columns.\u201d Masters dissertation Dept. of Civil Engineering Michigan State Univ."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","unstructured":"FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 356. Washington DC: FEMA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.17.5.639"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.01.012","article-title":"Seismic behaviors of columns in ordinary and intermediate moment resisting concrete frames","volume":"27","author":"Han S. W.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han, S. W., and N. Y. Jee. 2005. \u201cSeismic behaviors of columns in ordinary and intermediate moment resisting concrete frames.\u201d Eng. Struct. 27 (6): 951\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.01.012.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:1(69)"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"874","article-title":"Seismic retrofit of lap splices in nonductile square columns using carbon fiber-reinforced jackets","volume":"103","author":"Harries K. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harries, K. A., J. R. Ricles, S. Pessiki, and R. Sause. 2006. \u201cSeismic retrofit of lap splices in nonductile square columns using carbon fiber-reinforced jackets.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 103 (6): 874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/18242.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"e02971","article-title":"Seismic performance of shear-critical RC columns strengthened by multiple composites considering shifted failure zone","volume":"20","author":"Hu B.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, B., X. Wang, Y. Zhou, X. Huang, and Z. Zhu. 2024. \u201cSeismic performance of shear-critical RC columns strengthened by multiple composites considering shifted failure zone.\u201d Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 20 (Jul): e02971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e02971.","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2003.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","unstructured":"Kawashima K. H. Ogimoto R. Hayakawa and G. Watanabe. 2006. \u201cEffect of bilateral excitation on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns.\u201d In Proc. 8th US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oakland CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.118290","article-title":"Compressive behavior of RC columns strengthened with FRP and prefabricated UHPC blocks","volume":"314","author":"Ke Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ke, Y., T. Zhang, X. Nie, and S. Zhang. 2024. \u201cCompressive behavior of RC columns strengthened with FRP and prefabricated UHPC blocks.\u201d Eng. Struct. 314 (Jun): 118290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.118290.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Effects of type of bar lap splice on reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic loading","volume":"116","author":"Kim C.-G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, C.-G., H.-G. Park, and T.-S. Eom. 2019. \u201cEffects of type of bar lap splice on reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic loading.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 116 (2): 183\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/51711142.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11156696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.017","article-title":"Prediction of stress\u2013strain behavior of spirally confined concrete considering lateral expansion","volume":"102","author":"Kim Y. S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, Y. S., S. W. Kim, J. Y. Lee, J. M. Lee, H. G. Kim, and K. H. Kim. 2016. \u201cPrediction of stress\u2013strain behavior of spirally confined concrete considering lateral expansion.\u201d Constr. Build. Mater. 102 (Aug): 743\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.017.","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.108","article-title":"Cyclic behaviour of lightly-reinforced concrete columns with short lap splices subjected to unidirectional and bidirectional loadings","volume":"189","author":"Lee C. S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, C. S., and S. W. Han. 2019. \u201cCyclic behaviour of lightly-reinforced concrete columns with short lap splices subjected to unidirectional and bidirectional loadings.\u201d Eng. Struct. 189 (Jun): 373\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.108.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.045","article-title":"Ductile capacity of reinforced concrete columns with electric arc furnace oxidizing slag aggregate","volume":"162","author":"Lee J. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, J. M., Y. J. Lee, Y. J. Jung, J. H. Park, B. S. Lee, and K. H. Kim. 2018. \u201cDuctile capacity of reinforced concrete columns with electric arc furnace oxidizing slag aggregate.\u201d Constr. Build. Mater. 162 (Feb): 781\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.045.","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","first-page":"e03377","article-title":"Experimental investigation on seismic performance of columns enhanced by high-strength steel bars and ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete","volume":"20","author":"Li Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., K. Wu, J. Pan, C. Zhao, F. Wang, B. Zhang, and Q. Liu. 2024. \u201cExperimental investigation on seismic performance of columns enhanced by high-strength steel bars and ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete.\u201d Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 20 (Jul): e03377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03377.","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/l76-055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1827)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Redistribution of design bending moments in reinforced concrete continuous beams","volume":"13","author":"Mattock A. H.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Mattock, A. H. 1959. \u201cRedistribution of design bending moments in reinforced concrete continuous beams.\u201d Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 13 (Apr): 35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/iicep.1959.12087.","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","first-page":"802","article-title":"Cyclic behavior of columns with short lap splices","volume":"101","author":"Melek M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Melek, M., and J. W. Wallace. 2004. \u201cCyclic behavior of columns with short lap splices.\u201d Struct. J. 101 (6): 802\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/13455.","journal-title":"Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.01.033","article-title":"Experimental cyclic behaviour of RC columns with plain bars and proposal for Eurocode 8 formula improvement","volume":"88","author":"Melo J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melo, J., H. Varum, and T. Rossetto. 2015. \u201cExperimental cyclic behaviour of RC columns with plain bars and proposal for Eurocode 8 formula improvement.\u201d Eng. Struct. 88 (May): 22\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.01.033.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-019-00695-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293021994834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.13.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5459\/bnzsee.22.3.155-166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","volume-title":"Reinforced concrete structures","author":"Park R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Park, R., and T. Paulay. 1991. Reinforced concrete structures. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(738)","article-title":"Confinement reinforcement design for reinforced concrete columns","volume":"134","author":"Paultre P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paultre, P., and F. L\u00e9geron. 2008. \u201cConfinement reinforcement design for reinforced concrete columns.\u201d ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 134 (Sep): 738\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(738).","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Residual properties of heat treated thermo mechanically treated steel reinforcing bars","volume":"118","author":"Rafi M. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M., A. B. Dahar, T. Aziz, and S. Lodi. 2021. \u201cResidual properties of heat treated thermo mechanically treated steel reinforcing bars.\u201d ACI Mater. J. 118 (4): 15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/51732596.","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Assessment of use of steel bars with unintended high strength in tied columns","volume":"121","author":"Rafi M. M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M., and M. S. Khan. 2024. \u201cAssessment of use of steel bars with unintended high strength in tied columns.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 121 (5): 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/51740852.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"What do we know about confinement in reinforced concrete columns","volume":"86","author":"Sakai K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sakai, K., and S. A. Sheikh. 1989. \u201cWhat do we know about confinement in reinforced concrete columns.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 86 (Aug): 192\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/2705.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:10(2780)","article-title":"Tied concrete columns under axial load and flexure","volume":"116","author":"Sheikh S. A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sheikh, S. A., and C. C. Yeh. 1990. \u201cTied concrete columns under axial load and flexure.\u201d J. Struct. Eng. 116 (Jun): 2780\u20132800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:10(2780).","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","volume-title":"New Zealand standard code of practice for general structural design and design loadings for buildings","author":"Standards Association of New Zealand","year":"2006","unstructured":"Standards Association of New Zealand. 2006. New Zealand standard code of practice for general structural design and design loadings for buildings. Wellington, New Zealand: Standards Association of New Zealand."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","first-page":"290","article-title":"Plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete columns","volume":"105","author":"Sungjin B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sungjin, B., and O. Bayrak. 2008. \u201cPlastic hinge length of reinforced concrete columns.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 105 (Aug): 290\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/19788.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","first-page":"676","article-title":"Reliability analysis for eccentrically loaded columns","volume":"102","author":"Szerszen M. M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Szerszen, M. M., A. Szwed, and A. S. Nowak. 2005. \u201cReliability analysis for eccentrically loaded columns.\u201d ACI Struct. J. 102 (5): 676\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/14663.","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.01.024","article-title":"Seismic response of rc columns with smooth reinforcement. Part II: Cyclic tests","volume":"30","author":"Verderame G. M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verderame, G. M., G. Fabbrocino, and G. Manfredi. 2008. \u201cSeismic response of rc columns with smooth reinforcement. Part II: Cyclic tests.\u201d Eng. Struct. 30 (9): 2289\u20132300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.01.024.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Seismic behaviour of concrete columns with high-strength stirrups","volume":"18","author":"Wang P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, P., Q. Shi, F. Wang, and Q. Wang. 2020. \u201cSeismic behaviour of concrete columns with high-strength stirrups.\u201d Earthquake Struct. 18 (Mar): 15\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12989\/eas.2020.18.1.015.","journal-title":"Earthquake Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Effect of axial load ratio and stirrups volume ratio on ductility of high-strength concrete columns","volume":"149","author":"Wang Q.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wang, Q., G. Zhoo, and L. Lin. 1994. \u201cEffect of axial load ratio and stirrups volume ratio on ductility of high-strength concrete columns.\u201d Spec. Publ. 149 (Apr): 433\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/4171.","journal-title":"Spec. Publ."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:6(1825)","article-title":"Simulated seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns","volume":"120","author":"Watson S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Watson, S., and R. Park. 1994. \u201cSimulated seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns.\u201d J. Struct. Eng. 120 (May): 1825\u20131849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:6(1825).","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.02.004","article-title":"Quasi-static tests of RC columns under variable axial forces and rotations","volume":"162","author":"Xu G.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, G., B. Wu, D. Jia, X. Xu, and G. Yang. 2018. \u201cQuasi-static tests of RC columns under variable axial forces and rotations.\u201d Eng. Struct. 162 (Jun): 60\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201800009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107766","article-title":"Behavior of large-scale concrete columns reinforced with high-strength and high-toughness steel bars under axial and eccentric compression","volume":"79","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., X. Xiong, L. He, X. Zhang, and M. He. 2023. \u201cBehavior of large-scale concrete columns reinforced with high-strength and high-toughness steel bars under axial and eccentric compression.\u201d J. Build. Eng. 79 (Jul): 107766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107766.","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Structural Design and Construction Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1061\/JSDCCC.SCENG-1695","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T09:44:13Z","timestamp":1753782253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/10.1061\/JSDCCC.SCENG-1695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1061\/JSDCCC.SCENG-1695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/jsdccc.sceng-1695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2996-5136","2996-5144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2996-5136","type":"print"},{"value":"2996-5144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"04025097"}}