{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:17:58Z","timestamp":1773973078674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two acoustic devices to stabilize a droplet in an open gas stream (single-axis and three-axis levitators) have been designed and tested. The gas stream was provided by a jet apparatus with a 64mm exit diameter and a uniform velocity profile. The acoustic source used was a Langevin vibrator with a concave reflector. The single-axis levitator relied primarily on the radial force from the acoustic field and was shown to be limited because of significant droplet wandering. The three-axis levitator relied on a combination of the axial and radial forces. The three-axis levitator was applied to examine droplet deformation and circulation and to investigate the uptake of SO2 from the gas stream to the droplet. Droplets ranging in diameters from 2to5mm were levitated in gas streams with velocities up to 9m\u2215s. Droplet wandering was on the order of a half droplet diameter for a 3mm diameter droplet. Droplet circulation ranged from the predicted Hadamard-Rybczynski pattern to a rotating droplet pattern. Droplet pH over a central volume of the droplet was measured by planar laser induced fluorescence. The results for the decay of droplet pH versus time are in general agreement with published theory and experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2424454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,9]],"date-time":"2007-01-09T00:00:56Z","timestamp":1168300856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-axis acoustic device for levitation of droplets in an open gas stream and its application to examine sulfur dioxide absorption by water droplets"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Terrance L.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xerox Corporation , P.O. Box 1000, M\/S 7063-424, Wilsonville, Oregon 97070"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph S.","family":"Budwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Idaho Department of Mechanical Engineering, , P.O. Box 440902, Moscow, Idaho 83844"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070317374324800_c1","first-page":"212","year":"1934"},{"key":"2023070317374324800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1063\/1.359770","volume":"78","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2023070317374324800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1140492","volume":"60","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2023070317374324800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869444","volume":"9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. 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