{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T16:11:16Z","timestamp":1764432676057,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue mechanical properties reflect extracellular matrix composition and organization, and as such, their changes can be a signature of disease. Examples of such diseases include intervertebral disk degeneration, cancer, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and tooth decay. Here we introduce the tissue diagnostic instrument (TDI), a device designed to probe the mechanical properties of normal and diseased soft and hard tissues not only in the laboratory but also in patients. The TDI can distinguish between the nucleus and the annulus of spinal disks, between young and degenerated cartilage, and between normal and cancerous mammary glands. It can quantify the elastic modulus and hardness of the wet dentin left in a cavity after excavation. It can perform an indentation test of bone tissue, quantifying the indentation depth increase and other mechanical parameters. With local anesthesia and disposable, sterile, probe assemblies, there has been neither pain nor complications in tests on patients. We anticipate that this unique device will facilitate research on many tissue systems in living organisms, including plants, leading to new insights into disease mechanisms and methods for their early detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3127602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T22:29:29Z","timestamp":1243463369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The tissue diagnostic instrument"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Hansma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 1 Department of Physics, , Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 2 Department of Surgery, Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azucena","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene A.","family":"Yurtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 1 Department of Physics, , Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan 4 Department of Dentistry, , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan 5 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Zok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 6 Department of Materials, , Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley and UCSF Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering 7 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 8 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, , San Francisco, California 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Active Life Technologies 9 , 629 State St., Suite 213, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Brimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Active Life Technologies 9 , 629 State St., Suite 213, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Nogues-Solan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous University of Barcelona 10 Hospital del Mar, Department of Internal Medicine, , P. 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