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Both sample cells are described in detail and data illustrating the capabilities of each are shown. To further improve measurements at solid\/liquid interfaces, the broadband SFG system was modified to include a reference beam which can be measured simultaneously with the sample signal, permitting background correction of SFG spectra in real time. Sensitivity tests of this system yielded a signal-to-noise ratio of 100 at a surface coverage of 0.2\u2002molecules\/nm2. Details on data analysis routines, pulse shaping methods of the visible beam, as well as the design of a purging chamber and sample stage setup are presented. These descriptions will be useful to those planning to set up a SFG spectrometer or seeking to optimize their own SFG systems for measurements of solid\/liquid interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3443096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T22:09:43Z","timestamp":1277417383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sample cells for probing solid\/liquid interfaces with broadband sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Verreault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Koelsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), , Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070323365793400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6028(01)01809-X","volume":"500","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. 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