{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:14:38Z","timestamp":1790255678091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["677772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["677772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The entire luminal surface of the lungs is populated with a complex yet confluent, uninterrupted airway epithelium in conjunction with an extracellular liquid lining layer that creates the air-liquid interface (ALI), a critical feature of healthy lungs. Motivated by lung disease modelling, cytotoxicity studies, and drug delivery assessments amongst other, in vitro setups have been traditionally conducted using macroscopic cultures of isolated airway cells under submerged conditions or instead using transwell inserts with permeable membranes to model the ALI architecture. Yet, such strategies continue to fall short of delivering a sufficiently realistic physiological in vitro airway environment that cohesively integrates at true-scale three essential pillars: morphological constraints (i.e., airway anatomy), physiological conditions (e.g., respiratory airflows), and biological functionality (e.g., cellular makeup). With the advent of microfluidic lung-on-chips, there have been tremendous efforts towards designing biomimetic airway models of the epithelial barrier, including the ALI, and leveraging such in vitro scaffolds as a gateway for pulmonary disease modelling and drug screening assays. Here, we review in vitro platforms mimicking the pulmonary environment and identify ongoing challenges in reconstituting accurate biological airway barriers that still widely prevent microfluidic systems from delivering mainstream assays for the end-user, as compared to macroscale in vitro cell cultures. We further discuss existing hurdles in scaling up current lung-on-chip designs, from single airway models to more physiologically realistic airway environments that are anticipated to deliver increasingly meaningful whole-organ functions, with an outlook on translational and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T14:51:15Z","timestamp":1527605475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Biomimetics of the pulmonary environment <i>in vitro<\/i>: A microfluidics perspective"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Janna","family":"Tenenbaum-Katan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology , 32000 Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbel","family":"Artzy-Schnirman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology , 32000 Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Fishler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology , 32000 Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netanel","family":"Korin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology , 32000 Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Sznitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology , 32000 Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080720420032000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2989","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2011.09.005","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ib00176d","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13118","volume":"507","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.137","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(78)90104-4","volume":"32","year":"1978","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.05.014","volume":"75","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214536679","volume":"239","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70072-9","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.11.004","volume":"85","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2.4.479","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0931","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2153","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2015.07.003","volume":"34","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18886","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610868104","volume":"104","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159ra147","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004249","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169412","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.10.003","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00688G","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.742","volume":"103","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.940402","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-13-76","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188302","volume":"328","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3697","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4539","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40089h","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6773","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508841112","volume":"112","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c28","volume-title":"The Pathway for Oxygen: Structure and Function in the Mammalian Respiratory System","year":"1984"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092200410","volume":"220","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10411","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122352499","volume":"99","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1107OC","volume":"169","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.6.990","volume":"38","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.5.2132","volume":"64","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc20982a","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980656z","volume":"70","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L672","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00106.2013","volume":"306","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1309\/LMJWE0WO65VFWPAS","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1039\/C0LC00251H","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4908269","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11128-5","volume-title":"6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering","author":"Lackovic","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14071","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.08.020","volume":"46","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53588","DOI":"10.3791\/53588","volume":"111","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00317.2016","volume":"121","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01117.2014","volume":"118","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2015.1271","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med. Pulm. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00685F","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01211A","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1039\/C5BM00034C","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1607-5","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01028D","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00193A","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50424g","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2013.10.006","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024115","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4917508","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364054","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/364054","volume":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.77.977","volume":"77","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122124","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-121108-145453","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100020","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1234","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c62","volume-title":"Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c63","volume-title":"Theoretical Microfluidics","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.10.028","volume":"46","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.02.010","volume":"163","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c66","volume-title":"Comprehensive Physiology","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.043","volume":"50","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.32.1.93","volume":"32","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-015-0217-y","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-013-1166-0","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluid."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01105.2012","volume":"115","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215112109","volume":"109","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41407","DOI":"10.1088\/0169-5983\/46\/4\/041407","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluid Dyn. Res."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.3.1055","volume":"79","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2768109","volume":"129","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027328","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2174\/156801005774912851","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets: Inflammation Allergy"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c78","first-page":"1176","volume":"52","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3517737","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504025112","volume":"112","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1021\/la903038a","volume":"26","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4739072","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.10.001","volume":"33","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1039\/C4IB00149D","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00814.2013","volume":"116","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211706110","volume":"110","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4928766","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.05040477","volume":"5","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910061","volume":"363","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90986-2","volume":"319","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.071702.145229","volume":"66","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.589","volume":"91","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.209","volume":"81","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(86)90092-7","volume":"13","year":"1986","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00097.x","volume":"201","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119339109","volume":"109","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.42.1.1","volume":"42","year":"1987","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1663OE","volume":"191","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c99","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/rr36","volume":"2","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0358-z","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12930","volume":"507","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1996.9.163","volume":"9","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970901)38:5&lt;488::AID-JEMT5&gt;3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"38","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L647","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1992.262.6.L647","volume":"262","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.5.4486","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.05.012","volume":"163","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c108","first-page":"279","volume":"48","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00027-8","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c110","volume-title":"Particle-Lung Interactions","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","volume":"290","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00060-X","volume":"1408","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00256-X","volume":"1467","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembr."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00187.2007","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0234OC","volume":"36","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2005.18.137","volume":"18","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4137\/BECB.S34252","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9875-2","volume":"194","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0062-7","volume":"323","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00356-5","volume":"87","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(99)00231-X","volume":"3","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2005.02.010","volume":"60","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c123","first-page":"251","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869509015942","volume":"3","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Drug Targeting"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.07.012","volume":"58","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0187OC","volume":"32","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.139","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immun., Inflammation Dis."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1021\/la500307q","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2006.19.392","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008713","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.10.014","volume":"77","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1518-5","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0090-8","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.09.014","volume":"242","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860290007504","volume":"10","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Drug Targeting"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0560-6","volume":"85","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20803","volume":"96","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10151","volume":"91","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0757","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med. Pulm. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.02.006","volume":"216","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000445833","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L817","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00442.2007","volume":"294","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07974","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9543-5","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01252F","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9325-5","volume":"11","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139872","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00552J","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4901930","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51208H","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40074j","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40049b","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1039\/B907515A","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.09.057","volume":"139","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24487","volume":"551","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.09.033","volume":"113","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c157","first-page":"5986","volume":"328","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c158","first-page":"2","volume":"103","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2023080720420032000_c159","first-page":"12","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."}],"container-title":["Biomicrofluidics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/bmf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.5023034\/14595139\/042209_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/bmf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.5023034\/14595139\/042209_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/bmf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.5023034\/14595139\/042209_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T16:30:06Z","timestamp":1745339406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/bmf\/article\/12\/4\/042209\/1059827\/Biomimetics-of-the-pulmonary-environment-in-vitro"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5023034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-1058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-1058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"article-number":"042209"}}