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Towards these goals, an imaging system based on frequency domain light-emitting diode (LED) modulation was designed and demonstrated, using off-the-shelf components in a low complexity design. The system was operated by coupling and imaging fluorescence intensities using a pair of objectives. The system\u2019s scanning and signal acquisition performances were optimized with respect to etendues. To study fluorescent proteins in diabetic ulcers, lifetimes from purified and pentosidine modified collagen I, collagen III, and elastin were measured. Pentosidine measurements showed a decrease in autofluorescent lifetimes while elevated collagen III in diabetic ulcers showed increased lifetimes. These lifetimes, plus future protein measurements enabled by our system, can serve as standards for developing a biophotonic model of diabetic ulcers. As a proof-of-concept, a 3 cm \u00d7 3 cm diabetic foot ulcer was imaged using the developed system. Phasor analysis was applied to aid the interpretation of lifetime images. As a result, a compact biophotonic imaging system targeting diabetic tissue was achieved, towards making the technique accessible for clinical histology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5038827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T18:47:22Z","timestamp":1545850042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stain-free LED scanning lifetime imaging system for diabetes modified tissue matrices"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3608-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luwei","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn , Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn , Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhaib","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn , Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe Fujiou","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn , Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023080504530510800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(80)90288-3","article-title":"Studies on the chemical nature of elastin fluorescence","volume":"625","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. 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