{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:00:00Z","timestamp":1789092000546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"DST\u2014INSPIRE Faculty Award, Government of\n              India","award":["IFA17-ENG220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFA17-ENG220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the breakup morphology of an expelled respiratory liquid is an emerging interest in diverse fields to enhance the efficacious strategies to attenuate disease transmission. In this paper, we present the possible hydrodynamic instabilities associated with expelling the respiratory liquid by a human. For this purpose, we have performed experiments with a cylindrical soap film and air. The sequence of the chain of events was captured with high-speed imaging. We have identified three mechanisms, namely, Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz (K\u2013H) instability, Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (R\u2013T) instability, and Plateau\u2013Rayleigh (P\u2013R) instability, which are likely to occur in sequence. Furthermore, we discuss the multiple processes responsible for drop fragmentation. The processes such as breakup length, rupture, ligament, and drop formation are documented with a scaling factor. The breakup length scales with We\u22120.17, and the number of ligaments scales as Bo. In addition, the thickness of the ligaments scales as We\u22120.5. Here, We and Bo represent the Weber and Bond numbers, respectively. It was also demonstrated that the flapping of the liquid sheet is the result of the K\u2013H mechanism, and the ligaments formed on the edge of the rim appear due to the R\u2013T mechanism, and finally, the hanging drop fragmentation is the result of the P\u2013R instability. Our study highlights that the multiple instabilities play a significant role in determining the size of the droplets while expelling a respiratory liquid. This understanding is crucial to combat disease transmission through droplets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0022858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T19:27:01Z","timestamp":1598988421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Breakup morphology of expelled respiratory liquid: From the perspective of\n          hydrodynamic instabilities"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9627-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Vadivukkarasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Puducherry 1 , Karaikal 609609,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Dhivyaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras 2 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh V.","family":"Panchagnula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras 2 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052317262936200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109819","article-title":"Transmission of COVID-19\n            virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved\n            dichotomy","volume":"188","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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