{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:53:33Z","timestamp":1776441213447,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/publishing.aip.org\/authors\/rights-and-permissions"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006831","name":"U.S. Air Force","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA2386-13-1-3018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA2386-13-1-3018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006831","name":"U.S. Air Force","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-11-1-0282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-11-1-0282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006831","name":"U.S. Air Force","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-14-1-0317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-14-1-0317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007111","name":"Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel method for the in situ visualization and profilometry of a plasma-facing surface is demonstrated using a long-distance microscope. The technique provides valuable in situ monitoring of the microscopic temporal and morphological evolution of a material surface subject to plasma\u2013surface interactions, such as ion-induced sputter erosion. Focus variation of image stacks enables height surface profilometry, which allows a depth of field beyond the limits associated with high magnification. As a demonstration of this capability, the erosion of a volumetrically featured aluminum foam is quantified during ion-bombardment in a low-temperature argon plasma where the electron temperature is \u223c7\u00a0eV and the plasma is biased relative to the target surface such that ions impinge at \u223c300\u00a0eV. Three-dimensional height maps are reconstructed from the images captured with a long-distance microscope with an x\u2013y resolution of 3 \u00d7 3 \u03bcm2 and a focus-variation resolution based on the motor step-size of 20 \u03bcm. The time-resolved height maps show a total surface recession of 730 \u03bcm and significant ligament thinning over the course of 330\u00a0min of plasma exposure. This technique can be used for developing plasma-facing components for a wide range of plasma devices for applications such as propulsion, manufacturing, hypersonics, and fusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0043002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T12:10:02Z","timestamp":1625227802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i> microscopy for plasma erosion of complex surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-3824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Ottaviano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirudh","family":"Thuppul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Dodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary Z.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2957-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhitong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5309-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Wirz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma and Space Propulsion Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023080705074139100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2514\/1.46845","article-title":"Time-dependent erosion of ion optics","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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