{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:50:25Z","timestamp":1782625825068,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 HL151028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 HL151028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 HL07741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL07741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HL132256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HL132256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL125236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL125236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014073","name":"National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1542202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease targeting the alveolar gas exchange apparatus, leading to death by asphyxiation. IPF progresses on a tissue scale through aberrant matrix remodeling, enhanced cell contraction, and subsequent microenvironment densification. Although two pharmaceuticals modestly slow progression, IPF patient survival averages less than 5\u2009years. A major impediment to therapeutic development is the lack of high-fidelity models that account for the fibrotic microenvironment. Our goal is to create a three-dimensional (3D) platform to enable lung fibrosis studies and recapitulate IPF tissue features. We demonstrate that normal lung fibroblasts encapsulated in collagen microspheres can be pushed toward an activated phenotype, treated with FDA-approved therapies, and their fibrotic function quantified using imaging assays (extracellular matrix deposition, contractile protein expression, and microenvironment compaction). Highlighting the system's utility, we further show that fibroblasts isolated from IPF patient lungs maintain fibrotic phenotypes and manifest reduced fibrotic function when treated with epigenetic modifiers. Our system enables enhanced screening due to improved predictability and fidelity compared to 2D systems combined with superior tractability and throughput compared to 3D systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0054967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T16:42:29Z","timestamp":1637080949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A scalable 3D tissue culture pipeline to enable functional therapeutic screening for pulmonary fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Cummins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 1 , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Bitterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 2 , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Tschumperlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic 3 , Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5225-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David K.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 1 , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021401412102200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4104","volume":"229","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S54815","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2015.11.013","volume":"149","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00005209","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","volume":"370","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.239","volume":"146","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2499","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113763","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00204213","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590936166","volume":"68","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30225-3","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30222-8","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.08.011","volume":"40","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.85","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93557","volume":"128","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201004082","volume":"190","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.09.008","volume":"191","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30122-4","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2006132","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2002.00220.x","volume":"83","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbplus.2019.04.002","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol. Plus"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0020TR","volume":"53","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00060708","volume":"33","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201202-017AW","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.9.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpcb.2","volume":"71","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.077","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3510","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1274","volume":"76","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690390116","volume":"39","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4894","volume":"85","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24223","volume":"60","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L692","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00390.2011","volume":"303","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080001","volume":"205","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1142\/S2339547816400094","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technology"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1039\/C8IB00111A","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H90","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201004375","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-018-0309-1","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdev."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2018.0290","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng., Part C"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0323OC","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00270-0","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141013","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.9.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb1009s33","volume":"33","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71386","volume":"124","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201001-0028OC","volume":"182","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3140159","volume":"314","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-014-0157-3","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0876-y","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04336-z","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.573","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. Technol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90832","volume":"127","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60323","volume":"122","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66630-5","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.03.034","volume":"181","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000191","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jcs233486","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.233486","volume":"132","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2014.05.002","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2931","volume":"39","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy131","volume":"114","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.06.013","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L824","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00350.2015","volume":"310","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2024021401412102200_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807803","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201807803","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["APL Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0054967\/19666159\/046102_1_5.0054967.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0054967\/19666159\/046102_1_5.0054967.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0054967\/19666159\/046102_1_5.0054967.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:07:25Z","timestamp":1745352445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/apb\/article\/5\/4\/046102\/149640\/A-scalable-3D-tissue-culture-pipeline-to-enable"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0054967","relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"article-number":"046102"}}