{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:25:36Z","timestamp":1771475136741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"The Hong Kong","award":["HK RGC CRF C7064 18G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HK RGC CRF C7064 18G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosol transmission is now well-established as a route in the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Factors influencing the transport of virus-laden particles in an elevator cabin are investigated computationally and include human respiratory events, locations of the infected person(s), and the ventilation system (ventilation mode, ventilation capacity, and vent schemes). \u201cBreath,\u201d \u201ccough,\u201d and \u201csneeze\u201d are defined quantitatively by the fluid jet velocities and particle sizes. For natural ventilation, most particles exhaled by sneezing and coughing tend to deposit on surfaces quickly, but aerosol generated by breathing will remain suspended in the air longer. For forced ventilation, motions of particles under different ventilation capacities are compared. Larger particles otherwise deposited readily on solid surfaces may be slowed down by airflow. Air currents also accelerate the motions of smaller particles, facilitating the subsequent deposition of micrometer or sub-micrometer particles. Locations of the infected person(s) lead to different spreading scenarios due to the distinctive motions of the particles generated by the various respiratory events. Sneeze particles will likely contaminate the person in front of the infected passenger only. Cough particles will increase the risk of all the people around the injector. Breath particles tend to spread throughout the confined environment. An optimized vent scheme is introduced and can reduce particles suspended in the air by up to 80% as compared with commonly used schemes. The purification function of this vent model is robust to various positions of the infected passenger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0068244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T15:22:47Z","timestamp":1635175367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Computational study on the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through\n          aerosol in an elevator cabin: Effect of the ventilation system"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-5165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. N.","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8763-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. W.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9980-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. H.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052817015086300_c1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, see\n            https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/ for \u201c WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19)\n            Dashboard\u201d (last accessed August 13, 2021)."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200604","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2020.0604","article-title":"An agent-based model of the interrelation between the\n            COVID-19 outbreak and economic activities","volume":"477","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A\n            Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009609117","article-title":"Economic hardship and mental health complaints during\n            COVID-19","volume":"117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592467","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.592467","article-title":"Acceleration of anxiety, depression, and suicide:\n            Secondary effects of economic disruption related to COVID-19","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000448","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of infectious\n            disease","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2014.88","article-title":"Violent expiratory events: On coughing and\n            sneezing","volume":"745","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2013.1104","article-title":"Characterization of exhaled particles from the human\n            lungs in airway obstruction","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug\n            Delivery"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.01.0031","article-title":"Quantity, size distribution, and characteristics of\n            cough-generated aerosol produced by patients with an upper respiratory tract\n            infection","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.11.010","article-title":"The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen\n            transmission: A review","volume":"62","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F2","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.330","article-title":"The flow physics of COVID-19","volume":"894","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\n            Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14857","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117","article-title":"Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route\n            for the spread of COVID-19","volume":"117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.\n            A."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c12","article-title":"Statistical highlights\u2014Lift and escalator\n            safety","author":"Research Office, Legislative Council\n            Secretariat, HKSAR.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200764","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak associated with air conditioning in\n            restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect.\n            Dis."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7009e2","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak among attendees of an exercise\n            facility\u2014Chicago, Illinois, August\u2013September 2020","volume":"70","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb.\n            Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6945a5","article-title":"Multiple COVID-19 outbreaks linked to a wedding reception\n            in rural Maine\u2014August 7-September 14, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal.\n            Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.035","article-title":"Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 associated with\n            an outbreak in an apartment in Seoul, South Korea, 2020","volume":"104","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int.\n            J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.720","article-title":"Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of\n            COVID-19","volume":"903","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12766","article-title":"Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103311","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0029118","article-title":"Numerical investigation of aerosol transport in a\n            classroom with relevance to COVID-19","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033311","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0039559","article-title":"Transmission and evaporation of cough droplets in an\n            elevator: Numerical simulations of some possible scenarios","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011905","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0038180","article-title":"On airborne virus transmission in elevators and confined\n            spaces","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A52","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.671","article-title":"The mixing of airborne contaminants by the repeated\n            passage of people along a corridor","volume":"903","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125358","article-title":"Prediction of the spread of Coronavirus carrying droplets\n            in a bus\u2014A computational based artificial intelligence approach","volume":"413","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015116","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0037452","article-title":"Disease transmission through expiratory aerosols on an\n            urban bus","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105661","article-title":"Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by\n            asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings","volume":"151","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\n            Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and\n            talking","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130560","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0560","article-title":"Characterizations of particle size distribution of the\n            droplets exhaled by sneeze","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107108","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0027844","article-title":"Aerosol persistence in relation to possible transmission\n            of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0026360","article-title":"Dispersion of evaporating cough droplets in tropical\n            outdoor environment","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121707","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0035701","article-title":"Measurement of small droplet aerosol concentrations in\n            public spaces using handheld particle counters","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys.\n            Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127105","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031150","article-title":"Effect of sneezing on the flow around a face\n            shield","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0039487","article-title":"A dynamical overview of droplets in the transmission of\n            respiratory infectious diseases","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2012.684582","article-title":"Quantity and size distribution of cough-generated aerosol\n            particles produced by influenza patients during and after illness","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400019288","article-title":"The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory\n            droplets and droplet-nuclei","volume":"44","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (London)"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c35","unstructured":"Quality Elevator Products, Inc.,\n          see https:\/\/www.qualityelev.com\/main\/air\/aircond.htm for \u201c\n            Elevator Air Conditioner With Electric Heater\u201d (last\n          accessed May 13, 2021)."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c36","unstructured":"OTIS Elevator Company, see\n            https:\/\/www.otis.com\/documents\/256045\/0\/OTIS_Airflow_Study_Whitepaper_2021.pdf\n          for \u201c Airflow and Elevators\u201d (last accessed May 13,\n          2021)."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c37","first-page":"148","article-title":"Cabin ventilation, code requirements and experimental\n            results","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 3rd Symp. Lift Escalat. Technol."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0307-904X(84)90062-3","article-title":"Eulerian and Lagrangian predictions of particulate\n            two-phase flows","volume":"8","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.08.004","article-title":"Large-eddy simulation (LES) of settling particle cloud\n            dynamics","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043323","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046320","article-title":"Stochastic modeling for subgrid-scale particle dispersion\n            in large-eddy simulation of inhomogeneous turbulence","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys.\n            Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(98)00018-5","article-title":"Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches for predicting the\n            behaviour of discrete particles in turbulent flows","volume":"25","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog.\n            Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112065000824","article-title":"The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear\n            flow","volume":"22","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1063\/1.864812","article-title":"The dispersive effects of basset history forces on\n            particle motion in a turbulent flow","volume":"27","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c44","unstructured":"The OpenFOAM Foundation, see\n            https:\/\/cfd.direct\/openfoam\/user-guide for \u201c OpenFOAM v8 User\n            Guide\u201d (last accessed May 13, 2021)."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/19942060.2015.1104266","article-title":"Assessment of particle-tracking models for dispersed\n            particle-laden flows implemented in OpenFOAM and ANSYS FLUENT","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111904","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0032006","article-title":"A study of fluid dynamics and human physiology factors\n            driving droplet dispersion from a human sneeze","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys.\n            Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c47","volume-title":"Turbulence","year":"1975"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(75)90093-5","article-title":"Subgrid scale model for finite difference simulations of\n            turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli","volume":"18","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Comput.\n            Phys."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c49","first-page":"356","article-title":"A new dynamic one-equation subgrid-scale model for large\n            eddy simulations","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/14685248.2014.969888","article-title":"Particle subgrid scale modelling in large-eddy\n            simulations of particle-laden turbulence","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Turbul."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959193","article-title":"Generalized correlations for inertial impaction of\n            particles on a circular cylinder","volume":"9","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci.\n            Technol."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2014.496","article-title":"Influence of Stokes number on the velocity and\n            concentration distributions in particle-laden jets","volume":"757","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fluid\n            Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids6040145","article-title":"An overview of the Lagrangian dispersion modeling of\n            heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence and considerations on related LES\n            simulations","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(74)90029-2","article-title":"The numerical computation of turbulent\n            flows","volume":"3","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2004.05.008","article-title":"The negatively buoyant wall-jet: LES\n            results","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112070000691","article-title":"A numerical study of three-dimensional turbulent channel\n            flow at large Reynolds numbers","volume":"41","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c57","volume-title":"Turbulent Flows","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2015.29","article-title":"A grid-independent length scale for large-eddy\n            simulations","volume":"766","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2005.00373.x","article-title":"Using large eddy simulation to study particle motions in\n            a room","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.01.011","article-title":"Experimental measurements and large eddy simulation of\n            particle deposition distribution around a multi-slot diffuser","volume":"150","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"087118","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0055547","article-title":"Risk assessment of airborne\n            COVID-19 exposure in social settings","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065108","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0054110","article-title":"Droplet fate, efficacy of face mask, and transmission of\n            virus-laden droplets inside a conference room","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys.\n            Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0050058","article-title":"Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and mitigation using\n            box fan air cleaners in a poorly ventilated classroom","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys.\n            Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817015086300_c64","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to\n              Climate Change","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Physics of Fluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0068244\/20535674\/103325_1_5.0068244.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0068244\/20535674\/103325_1_5.0068244.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T21:19:36Z","timestamp":1748467176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/pof\/article\/33\/10\/103325\/1064984\/Computational-study-on-the-transmission-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0068244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-6631","1089-7666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-6631","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7666","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"article-number":"103325"}}