{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T01:05:08Z","timestamp":1793581508774,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory droplets\u2014which may contain disease spreading virus\u2014exhaled during speaking, coughing, or sneezing are one of the significant causes for the spread of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The droplet dispersion depends on the surrounding air velocity, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. In a confined space like an elevator, the risk of transmission becomes higher when there is an infected person inside the elevator with other individuals. In this work, a numerical investigation is carried out in a three-dimensional domain resembling an elevator using OpenFoam. Three different modes of air ventilation, viz., quiescent, axial exhaust draft, and exhaust fan, have been considered to investigate the effect of ventilation on droplet transmission for two different climatic conditions (30\u2009\u00b0C, 50% relative humidity and 10\u2009\u00b0C, 90% relative humidity). The risk assessment is quantified using a risk factor based on the time-averaged droplet count present near the passenger's hand to head region (risky height zone).\u2009The risk factor drops from 40% in a quiescent scenario to 0% in an exhaust fan ventilation condition in a hot dry environment. In general, cold humid conditions are safer than hot dry conditions as the droplets settle down quickly below the risky height zone owing to their larger masses maintained by negligible evaporation. However, an exhaust fan renders the domain in a hot dry ambience completely safe (risk factor, 0%) in 5.5\u2009s whereas it takes 7.48\u2009s for a cold humid ambience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0073694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T06:06:30Z","timestamp":1643004390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Risk assessment of COVID infection by respiratory droplets from cough for various ventilation scenarios inside an elevator: An OpenFOAM-based computational fluid dynamics analysis"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Riddhideep","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University 1 , Kolkata-700032,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anish","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University 1 , Kolkata-700032,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritam","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University 2 , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sourav","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University 1 , Kolkata-700032,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achintya","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University 1 , Kolkata-700032,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025052817165415300_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14626-0","article-title":"Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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