{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:23:21Z","timestamp":1787005401785,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51805387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51805387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During an airborne infectious disease outbreak, bus passengers can be easily infected by the dispersion of exhaled droplets from an infected passenger. Therefore, measures to control the transport of droplets are necessary, such as a mask or purifier. The current research examined aerosol transport in a bus with air-conditioning. To determine the dispersion path, deposition distribution, and droplet escape time, the computational fluid dynamics were used to predict the flow field and the dispersion of droplets considering the effects of droplet size, location of the infected person, and purifier type. In addition, based on the viability and the number of virus particles in a droplet, the total number of virus particles inhaled by passengers over a 4-h journey was obtained by the superposition method. The Wells\u2013Riley equation was then used to assess the infection risk of the passengers in the bus cabin. The results showed that droplets with a size of 1\u201320 \u03bcm have essentially the same deposition characteristics, and the location of the infected passenger affects the distribution of droplets' transport and the effectiveness of a purifier in removing droplets. A purifier can effectively remove droplets from passengers' coughs and reduce the infection risk of passengers. The performance of the smaller purifiers is not as stable as that of the larger purifiers, and the performance is influenced by the airflow structure where the infected passenger is located.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0081230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T06:45:44Z","timestamp":1642488344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of purifiers on the airborne transmission of droplets inside a bus"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4410-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linli","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuqi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052817065841600_c1","unstructured":"See World Health Organization, https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/situation-report\/ for Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Reports, 2020."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F2","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.330","article-title":"The flow physics of COVID-19","volume":"894","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032867","article-title":"Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"350","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103311","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0029118","article-title":"Numerical investigation of aerosol transport in a classroom with relevance to COVID-19","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0050058","article-title":"Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and mitigation using box fan air cleaners in a poorly ventilated classroom","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.049","article-title":"Impact of scaling and body movement on contaminant transport in airliner cabins","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2012.00773.x","article-title":"Risk assessment of airborne infectious diseases in aircraft cabins","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033312","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0044720","article-title":"Simulation of aerosol transmission on a Boeing 737 airplane with intervention measures for COVID-19 mitigation","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.015","article-title":"Dispersion of coughed droplets in a fully-occupied high-speed rail cabin","volume":"47","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.5225","article-title":"Community outbreak investigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among bus riders in eastern China","volume":"180","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa430","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa430","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in public transportation vehicles: A case study in Hunan Province, China","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: A systematic review","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7064-8","article-title":"Airborne biological hazards and urban transport infrastructure: Current challenges and future directions","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1071\/NB09036","article-title":"Isolation and quarantine during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in NSW: The operational experience of public health units","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"New South Wales Public Health Bull."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab347","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on a patient transport van","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033321","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0044046","article-title":"Transmission and reduction of aerosols in classrooms using air purifier systems","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033307","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0042474","article-title":"Airborne transmission of virus-laden aerosols inside a music classroom: Effects of portable purifiers and aerosol injection rates","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.11.002","article-title":"Spatial distribution of infection risk of SARS transmission in a hospital ward","volume":"44","year":"2009","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x","article-title":"Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"13","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"083305","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0018432","article-title":"Numerical modeling of the distribution of virus carrying saliva droplets during sneeze and cough","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"097102","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0022859","article-title":"Transmission of airborne virus through sneezed and coughed droplets","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031704","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0041596","article-title":"Probability of COVID-19 infection by cough of a normal person and a super-spreader","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105661","article-title":"Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings","volume":"151","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021904","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040755","article-title":"Estimating COVID-19 exposure in a classroom setting: A comparison between mathematical and numerical models","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.041","article-title":"Prediction of particle deposition onto indoor surfaces by CFD with a modified Lagrangian method","volume":"43","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(98)00020-6","article-title":"A zero-equation turbulence model for indoor airflow simulation","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10407799508928838","article-title":"Comparison of different k-\u03b5 models for indoor air flow computations","volume":"28","year":"1995","journal-title":"Numer. Heat Transfer B Fundam."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.05.086","article-title":"Comparison of the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods for predicting particle transport in enclosed spaces","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c29","volume-title":"Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene: An Ecological Study of Droplet Infection","year":"1955"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560","article-title":"Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school","volume":"107","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c31","first-page":"1015","article-title":"The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: An analytical review of alternative epidemiological models","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12751","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit valley chorale superspreading event","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07071246","article-title":"Coughing frequency in patients with persistent cough: Assessment using a 24 hour ambulatory recorder","volume":"7","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1031724","article-title":"Accelerating the Lagrangian method for modeling transient particle transport in indoor environments","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.08.013","article-title":"Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: A critical review","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00626.x","article-title":"Some questions on dispersion of human exhaled droplets in ventilation room: Answers from numerical investigation","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.003","article-title":"Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x","article-title":"Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough","volume":"19","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125102","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0033849","article-title":"The motion of respiratory droplets produced by coughing","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.200800043","article-title":"Transient response of particle distribution in a chamber to transient particle injection","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x","article-title":"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?","volume":"16","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025052817065841600_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0905-6947.2002.1r159a.x","article-title":"Particle deposition indoors: A review","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["Physics of Fluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0081230\/20535779\/017108_1_5.0081230.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0081230\/20535779\/017108_1_5.0081230.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T17:19:42Z","timestamp":1748452782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/pof\/article\/34\/1\/017108\/2846586\/Effects-of-purifiers-on-the-airborne-transmission"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0081230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-6631","1089-7666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-6631","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7666","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"article-number":"017108"}}