{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:23:20Z","timestamp":1787005400774,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1330111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1330111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41404067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41404067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WUT:2019IB015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT:2019IB015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>On the basis of the van der Pauw method, we developed a new technique for measuring the electrical resistivity of metals in a cubic multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus. Four electrode wires were introduced into the sample chamber and in contact with the pre-pressed metal disk on the periphery. The sample temperature was measured with a NiCr\u2013NiSi (K-type) thermocouple, which was separated from the sample by a thin hexagonal boron nitride layer. The electrodes and thermocouple were electrically insulated from each other and from the heater by an alumina tube as well. Their leads were in connection with cables through the gap between the tungsten carbide anvils. We performed experiments to determine the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity of pure iron at 3 and 5 GPa. The experiments produce reproducible measurements and the results provide an independent check on electrical resistivity data produced by other methods. The new technique provides reliable electrical resistivity measurements of metallic alloys and compounds at high pressure and temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0082207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:22:58Z","timestamp":1651566178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                    measurements of electrical resistivity of metals in a cubic multi-anvil apparatus by van der Pauw method"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology 1 , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology 1 , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9955-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingwei","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington 2 , Washington, District of Columbia 20015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023081009443591700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.19690330226","article-title":"Residual resistivities of binary iron alloys","volume":"33","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.117053","article-title":"Adiabatic heat flow in Mercury\u2019s core from electrical resistivity measurements of liquid Fe-8.5 wt% Si to 24 GPa","volume":"568","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023081009443591700_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020JE006380","DOI":"10.1029\/2020je006380","article-title":"Electrical resistivity measurements of Fe-Si with implications for the early lunar dynamo","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023081009443591700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4402","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1502182","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of steels and face-centered-cubic iron","volume":"92","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c5","volume-title":"Properties of Selected Ferrous Alloying Elements","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1029\/2012gl054347","article-title":"High pressure and temperature electrical resistivity of iron and implications for planetary cores","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2014.01.020","article-title":"Morphology of cubic boron nitride crystals synthesized using (Fe, Co, Ni)\u2013(Cr, Mo)\u2013Al alloy solvents under pressure","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023081009443591700_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2017.1340473","article-title":"Constant electrical resistivity of Zn along the melting boundary up to 5 GPa","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"High Pressure Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"2023081009443591700_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4985548","article-title":"Electronic transition in solid Nb at high pressure and temperature","volume":"121","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.06.032","article-title":"Invariant electrical resistivity of Co along the melting boundary","volume":"474","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2017.06.030","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Cu up to 5\u00a0GPa: Decrease along the melting boundary","volume":"110","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023081009443591700_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5112045","article-title":"Technique, cell assembly, and measurement of T-dependent electrical resistivity of liquid Fe devoid of contamination at P, T conditions","volume":"91","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114367","article-title":"Martian core heat flux: Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of liquid Fe at Martian core P-T conditions","volume":"360","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2023081009443591700_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2011.03.029","article-title":"High-pressure synthesis of cubic BN using Fe\u2013Mo\u2013Al and Co\u2013Mo\u2013Al alloy solvents","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023081009443591700_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1782098","article-title":"Comparison of the thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient of a high-purity iron and an Armco iron to 1000\u00b0C","volume":"37","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023081009443591700_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11858\/gywlxb.2013.01.001","article-title":"In situ electrical measurement in diamond anvil cell equipped with microcircuit by integration technology","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. High Pressure Phys."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116161","article-title":"Thermal conductivity near the bottom of the Earth\u2019s lower mantle: Measurements of pyrolite up to 120\u00a0GPa and 2500 K","volume":"536","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2015.04.003","article-title":"Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of hcp Fe\u2013Ni alloys under high pressure: Implications for thermal convection in the Earth\u2019s core","volume":"247","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.07.011","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of substitutionally disordered hcp Fe\u2013Si and Fe\u2013Ni alloys: Chemically-induced resistivity saturation in the Earth\u2019s core","volume":"451","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2013.07.010","article-title":"The high conductivity of iron and thermal evolution of the Earth\u2019s core","volume":"224","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116357","article-title":"Resistivity saturation of hcp Fe-Si alloys in an internally heated diamond anvil cell: A key to assessing the Earth\u2019s core conductivity","volume":"543","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B03202","DOI":"10.1029\/2009jb006442","article-title":"Internally consistent thermodynamic database for iron to the Earth\u2019s core conditions","volume":"115","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"issue":"7605","key":"2023081009443591700_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18009","article-title":"Direct measurement of thermal conductivity in solid iron at planetary core conditions","volume":"534","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023081009443591700_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02648811","article-title":"Electrical conduction behavior of cementite, Fe3C","volume":"18","year":"1987","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"issue":"5007","key":"2023081009443591700_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/208278a0","article-title":"Combined very high pressure\/high temperature calibration of the tetrahedral anvil apparatus, fusion curves of zinc, aluminium, germanium and silicon to 60 kilobars","volume":"208","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023081009443591700_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020JE006793","DOI":"10.1029\/2020je006793","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of FeS at high pressures and temperatures: Implications of thermal transport in the core of Ganymede","volume":"126","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023081009443591700_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2012.657634","article-title":"A large volume cubic press with a pressure-generating capability up to about 10 GPa","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"High Pressure Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023081009443591700_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1029\/2019je005979","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of FeS and its implications for Mercury\u2019s long-sustaining magnetic field","volume":"124","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.isijint-2020-669","article-title":"Estimation of solute carbon concentration by electrical resistivity measurement in martensitic steel","volume":"61","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023081009443591700_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707649","article-title":"Electrical observations of the austenite-martensite transformation in steel","volume":"17","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023081009443591700_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3697(76)90049-4","article-title":"Melting temperature of lead and sodium at high pressures","volume":"37","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Energetics of the core","volume-title":"Treatise on Geophysics","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17957","article-title":"Experimental determination of the electrical resistivity of iron at Earth\u2019s core conditions","volume":"534","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2023081009443591700_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2018.05.004","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of fcc phase iron hydrides at high pressures and temperatures","volume":"351","year":"2019","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023081009443591700_c35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A compact cubic anvil high pressure apparatus","volume":"34","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev. Phys. Chem. Jpn."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c36","first-page":"220","article-title":"A method of measuring the resistivity and Hall coefficient of lamallae of arbitrary shape","volume":"20","year":"1958","journal-title":"Philips Tech. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023081009443591700_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010105","DOI":"10.11858\/gywlxb.20170600","article-title":"Development of domestic hinge-type cubic presses based on high pressure scientific research","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. High Pressure Phys."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.05.032","article-title":"Influence of sulfur on the electrical resistivity of a crystallizing core in small terrestrial bodies","volume":"496","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023081009443591700_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2020-7301","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the effect of nickel on the electrical resistivity of Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-S alloys under pressure","volume":"105","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023081009443591700_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020JE006492","DOI":"10.1029\/2020je006492","article-title":"A joint experimental-modeling investigation of the effect of light elements on dynamos in small planets and moons","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.04.022","article-title":"Mercury\u2019s thermal evolution controlled by an insulating liquid outermost core?","volume":"517","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023081009443591700_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021JB022297","DOI":"10.1029\/2021jb022297","article-title":"Iron sulfides and anomalous electrical resistivity in cratonic environments","volume":"126","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.1002\/2013gl057930","article-title":"Electrical and thermal transport properties of iron and iron-silicon alloy at high pressure","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"B5","key":"2023081009443591700_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1029\/jb094ib05p05887","article-title":"The electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Fe at pressures up to 7 GPa","volume":"94","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023081009443591700_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5064","DOI":"10.1002\/2017jb014259","article-title":"Constant electrical resistivity of Ni along the melting boundary up to 9 GPa","volume":"122","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28921-w","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of liquid Fe to 12\u00a0GPa: Implications for heat flow in cores of terrestrial bodies","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"16","key":"2023081009443591700_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.1002\/2017gl074021","article-title":"The influence of sulfur on the electrical resistivity of hcp iron: Implications for the core conductivity of Mars and Earth","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2019.1692008","article-title":"High-temperature electrical resistivity measurements of hcp iron to Mbar pressure in an internally resistive heated diamond anvil cell","volume":"39","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Pressure Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023081009443591700_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02892374","article-title":"The Fe (iron) system","volume":"3","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023081009443591700_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1656083","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of iron-carbon alloys","volume":"39","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023081009443591700_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112496763-002","article-title":"Electrical resistivity studies of iron\u2013nitrogen solid solutions","volume":"26","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi B"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023081009443591700_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/08957950903335521","article-title":"Pressure calibration for the cubic press by differential thermal analysis and the high-pressure fusion curve of aluminum","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"High Pressure Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023081009443591700_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3374466","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the effect of electrodes placement on accurate resistivity measurement in a diamond anvil cell with van der Pauw technique","volume":"107","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023081009443591700_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5544","DOI":"10.1029\/2018jb017157","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of iron phosphides at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions with implications for lunar core\u2019s thermal conductivity","volume":"124","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"issue":"20","key":"2023081009443591700_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11065","DOI":"10.1029\/2019gl084485","article-title":"The iron invariance: Implications for thermal convection in Earth\u2019s core","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023081009443591700_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1029\/2017jb015260","article-title":"Electrical resistivity of Fe-C alloy at high pressure: Effects of carbon as a light element on the thermal conductivity of the Earth\u2019s core","volume":"123","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"2023081009443591700_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116614","article-title":"Transport properties of Fe-Ni-Si alloys at Earth\u2019s core conditions: Insight into the viability of thermal and compositional convection","volume":"553","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023081009443591700_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"078501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.078501","article-title":"Reconciliation of experiments and theory on transport properties of iron and the geodynamo","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023081009443591700_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2119001119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119001119","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of Fe-Si alloys and thermal stratification in Earth\u2019s core","volume":"119","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0082207\/16632795\/053902_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0082207\/16632795\/053902_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T08:48:38Z","timestamp":1691657318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/93\/5\/053902\/2844876\/In-situ-measurements-of-electrical-resistivity-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0082207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"article-number":"053902"}}