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The catheter was evaluated using the recirculation ratio in pre-clinical status, which is a crucial index indicating its performance. However, pre-clinical in-vivo experiments have limitations: high cost, and ethical issues. Hence, computational and in-vitro methods have been developed as alternatives. However, computational methods require fluid dynamic knowledge, whereas in-vitro experiments are complicated and expensive. In this study, we developed a pulsatile flow generator to mimic blood flow achieving cost effectiveness and user convenience. The device used iterative learning control, achieving blood flow in the superior and inferior vena cava within a 3.3% error. Furthermore, the recirculation ratios were measured based on two insertion directions and two different external pipe materials to evaluate the catheter regarding patients\u2019 posture and blood vessel stiffness. The results provide a better understanding of cardiovascular device performance without complicated and costly pre-clinical tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0087584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T12:37:48Z","timestamp":1680698268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of <i>in-vitro<\/i> pulsatile flow generator for evaluating the performance of hemodialysis catheters"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongsu","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 1 , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 1 , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 2 , Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1102-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon Suk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 3 , Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungwon Medical Co., Ltd. 4 , Cheongju 28174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5590-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinkee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 1 , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University 5 , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081106314431200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139x.2000.00079.x","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. 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