{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:35:03Z","timestamp":1787956503949,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The leading cause of disability of all ages worldwide is severe lower back pain. To address this untreated epidemic, further investigation is needed into the leading cause of back pain, intervertebral disc degeneration. In particular, microphysiological systems modeling critical tissues in a degenerative disc, like the annulus fibrosus (AF), are needed to investigate the effects of complex multiaxial strains on AF cells. By replicating these mechanobiological effects unique to the AF that are not yet understood, we can advance therapies for early-stage degeneration at the cellular level. To this end, we designed, fabricated, and collected proof-of-concept data for a novel microphysiological device called the flexing annulus-on-a-chip (AoC). We used computational models and experimental measurements to characterize the device\u2019s ability to mimic complex physiologically relevant strains. As a result, these strains proved to be controllable, multi-directional, and uniformly distributed with magnitudes ranging from \u221210% to 12% in the axial, radial, and circumferential directions, which differ greatly from applied strains possible in uniaxial devices. Furthermore, after withstanding accelerated life testing (66\u2009K cycles of 10% strain) and maintaining 2000 bovine AF cells without loading for more than three weeks the AoC proved capable of long-term cell culture. Additionally, after strain (3.5% strain for 75 cycles at 0.5\u2009Hz) was applied to a monolayer of AF cells in the AoC, a population remained adhered to the channel with spread morphology. The AoC can also be tailored for other annular structures in the body such as cardiovascular vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the cervix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0103141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1667230051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Design of a flexing organ-chip to model <i>in situ<\/i> loading of the intervertebral disc"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"McKinley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley 1 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre R.","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley 1 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5527-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maple N.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley 2 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuya R.","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley 2 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gissell","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley 1 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley 2 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth A.","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley 2 , Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad R. 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