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In this study, the mixing, breakdown, and emptying of a liquid meal containing protein is simulated in a model of a human stomach. In this model, pepsin, the gastric enzyme responsible for protein hydrolysis, is secreted from the proximal region of the stomach walls and allowed to react with the contents of the stomach. The velocities of the retropulsive jet induced by the peristaltic motion, the emptying rate, and the extent of hydrolysis are quantified for a control case as well as for three other cases with reduced motility of the stomach, which may result from conditions such as diabetes mellitus. This study quantifies the effect of stomach motility on the rate of food breakdown and its emptying into the duodenum and we correlate these observations with the mixing in the stomach induced by the wall motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0120933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T04:04:28Z","timestamp":1665806668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effect of stomach motility on food hydrolysis and gastric emptying: Insight from computational models"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharun","family":"Kuhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University 1 , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5534-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hee","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj J","family":"Pasricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 3 , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-9499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajat","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University 1 , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University 2 , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 4 , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031601260568400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28701G","article-title":"Trends in food availability, 1909\u20132007","volume":"91","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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