{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:06:04Z","timestamp":1770271564451,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"21","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/Inspire\/04\/2016\/000137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/Inspire\/04\/2016\/000137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECR\/2017\/001903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2017\/001903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecular-scale design strategies for promoting intersystem crossing (ISC) in small organic molecules are ubiquitous in developing efficient metal-free triplet photosensitizers with high triplet quantum yield (\u03a6T). Air-stable and highly fluorescent perylenediimide (PDI) in its pristine form displays very small ISC compared to the fluorescence due to the large singlet\u2013triplet gap (\u0394ES\u2212T) and negligibly small spin\u2013orbit coupling (SOC) between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet state (T1). However, its \u03a6T can be tuned by different chemical and mechanical means that are capable of either directly lowering the \u0394ES\u2212T and increasing SOC or introducing intermediate low-lying triplet states (Tn, n = 2, 3, \u2026) between S1 and T1. To this end, herein, a few chalcogen (X = O, S, Se) bay-substituted PDIs (PDI-X2) are computationally modeled aiming at introducing geometrical-strain at the PDI core and also mixing n\u03c0* orbital character to \u03c0\u03c0* in the lowest singlet and triplet excited states, which altogether may reduce \u0394ES\u2212T and also improve the SOC. Our quantum-chemical calculations based on optimally tuned range-separated hybrid reveal the presence of intermediate triplet states (Tn, n = 2, 3) in between S1 and T1 for all three PDI-X2 studied in dichloromethane. More importantly, PDI-X2 shows a significantly improved ISC rate than the pristine PDI due to the combined effects stemming from the smaller \u0394ES\u2212T and the larger SOC. The calculated ISC rates follow the order as PDI-O2\u2008&amp;lt; PDI-S2\u2008&amp;lt; PDI-Se2. These research findings will be helpful in designing PDI based triplet photosensitizers for biomedical, sensing, and photonic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0126428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T15:34:55Z","timestamp":1668094495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tailoring intersystem crossing of perylenediimide through chalcogen-substitution at bay-position: A theoretical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4497-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raka","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati , Tirupati A.P 517619, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun K.","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati , Tirupati A.P 517619, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081006541987800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35531d","article-title":"Triplet photosensitizers: From molecular design to applications","volume":"42","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. 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