{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:40:40Z","timestamp":1789764040265,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00EB023979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00EB023979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Arkansas Chancellors Innovation Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008231","name":"Arkansas Bioscience Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ASGCT Career Development Award"},{"name":"The 21st Century Professorship in Biomedical Engineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular disorder that affects about one in every 5000 live male births. DMD is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for dystrophin, which is required for muscle membrane stabilization. The loss of functional dystrophin causes muscle degradation that leads to weakness, loss of ambulation, cardiac and respiratory complications, and eventually, premature death. Therapies to treat DMD have advanced in the past decade, with treatments in clinical trials and four exon-skipping drugs receiving conditional Food and Drug Administration approval. However, to date, no treatment has provided long-term correction. Gene editing has emerged as a promising approach to treating DMD. There is a wide range of tools, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and, most notably, RNA-guided enzymes from the bacterial adaptive immune system clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Although challenges in using CRISPR for gene therapy in humans still abound, including safety and efficiency of delivery, the future for CRISPR gene editing for DMD is promising. This review will summarize the progress in CRISPR gene editing for DMD including key summaries of current approaches, delivery methodologies, and the challenges that gene editing still faces as well as prospective solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0131452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T13:29:33Z","timestamp":1676986173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Delivery challenges for CRISPR\u2014Cas9 genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Made Harumi","family":"Padmaswari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas 2 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilpi","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary S.","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allie","family":"Ivy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Maxenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Landon A.","family":"Burcham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas 1 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas 2 , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031523370800100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01430-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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