{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:04:41Z","timestamp":1789671881975,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T020970\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020970\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF2020\\100033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional wet Ag\/AgCl electrodes are widely used in electrocardiography, electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalography (EEG) and are considered the gold standard for biopotential measurements. However, these electrodes require substantial skin preparation, are single use, and cannot be used for continuous monitoring (&amp;gt;24\u2009h). For these reasons, dry electrodes are preferable during surface electromyography (sEMG) due to their convenience, durability, and longevity. Dry conductive elastomers (CEs) combine conductivity, flexibility, and stretchability. In this study, CEs combining poly(3,4-ehtylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in polyurethane are explored as dry, skin contacting EMG electrodes. This study compares these CE electrodes to commercial wet Ag\/AgCl electrodes in five subjects, classifying four movements: open hand, fist, wrist extension, and wrist flexion. Classification accuracy is tested using a backpropagation artificial neural network. The control Ag\/AgCl electrodes have a 98.7% classification accuracy, while the dry conductive elastomer electrodes have a classification accuracy of 99.5%. As a conclusion, PEDOT based dry CEs were shown to successfully function as on-skin electrodes for EMG recording, matching the performance of Ag\/AgCl electrodes, while addressing the need for minimal skin prep, no gel, and wearable technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0148101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1694425270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Surface electromyography using dry polymeric electrodes"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Steenbergen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7026-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Busha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6460-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collin","family":"Mattathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6415-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arieh","family":"Levy Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6070-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotios","family":"Spyridakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5026-6082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Sokolovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3694-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogachan","family":"Tahirbegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"Cuttaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1110-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Litvinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7317-0997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Goding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rylie","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091109410492400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/21\/2\/307","article-title":"A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c2","volume-title":"Computational Intelligence in Electromyography Analysis\u2014A Perspective on Current Applications and Future Challenges","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.155","article-title":"Towards conductive-gel-free electrodes: Understanding the wet electrode, semi-dry electrode and dry electrode-skin interface impedance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy fitting","volume":"277","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.06.041","article-title":"Highly conformable stretchable dry electrodes based on inexpensive flex substrate for long-term biopotential (EMG\/ECG) monitoring","volume":"295","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2017.08.1602","article-title":"A testing system for a real-time gesture classification using surface EMG","volume":"50","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0127-5","article-title":"An epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch as a new human\u2013machine interface for patients with loss of voice","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46697","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46697","article-title":"Soft electronics enabled ergonomic human-computer interaction for swallowing training","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6839","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201301921","article-title":"Materials and optimized designs for human-machine interfaces via epidermal electronics","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020450","article-title":"High-conductivity, flexible and transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes for high performance semi-transparent supercapacitors","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c10","first-page":"300","article-title":"Comparison of surface EMG monitoring electrodes for long-term use in rehabilitation device control","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25727","article-title":"Temporary-tattoo for long-term high fidelity biopotential recordings","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c12","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Flexible surface electrodes targeting biopotential signals from forearm muscles for control of prosthetic hands: Part 1\u2014Characterisation of sEMG electrodes","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.09.018","article-title":"A review of bioelectrodes for clinical electrophysiologists","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109774","article-title":"Surface bioelectric dry electrodes: A review","volume":"183","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.07.154","article-title":"Nanocomposite Ag:TiN thin films for dry biopotential electrodes","volume":"285","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201100073","article-title":"Plasma surface activation and TiN coating of a TPV substrate for biomedical applications","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plasma Processes Polym."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124007","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/12\/124007","article-title":"Novel TiNx-based biosignal electrodes for electroencephalography","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201204426","article-title":"Multifunctional epidermal electronics printed directly onto the skin","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111954","article-title":"Sacrificial layer-assisted one-step transfer printing for fabricating a three-layer dry electrode","volume":"306","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041269","article-title":"Assessment of dry epidermal electrodes for long-term electromyography measurements","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13391-019-00125-y","article-title":"Conformable, thin, and dry electrode for electrocardiography using composite of silver nanowires and polyvinyl butyral","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20789","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897590","article-title":"Electrocardiogram of a silver nanowire based dry electrode: Quantitative comparison with the standard Ag\/AgCl gel electrode","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2018.2792022","article-title":"Large area solution processed poly (dimethylsiloxane)-based thin film sensor patch for wearable electrocardiogram detection","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/11\/005","article-title":"Novel dry electrodes for ECG monitoring","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2022.100143","article-title":"Skin stimulation and recording: Moving towards metal-free electrodes","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-019-00470-1","article-title":"Carbon nanofiber-based wearable patches for bio-potential monitoring","volume":"39","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3139\/217.3418","article-title":"A simple method of fabricating graphene-polymer conductive films","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Process."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2017.05.048","article-title":"Chemically reduced graphene oxide-based dry electrodes as touch sensor for electrocardiograph measurement","volume":"180","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7634","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b02182","article-title":"Graphene electronic tattoo sensors","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6090156","article-title":"Graphene-enabled electrodes for electrocardiogram monitoring","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-019-3124-5","article-title":"Soft surface electrode based on PDMS-CB conductive polymer for electrocardiogram recordings","volume":"125","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-2042-6","article-title":"Feasibility testing of hydrophobic carbon electrodes for acquisition of underwater surface electromyography data","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2309293","article-title":"Novel electrodes for underwater ECG monitoring","volume":"61","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9090439","article-title":"ECG monitoring garment using conductive carbon paste for reduced motion artifacts","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700419","article-title":"Organic bioelectronics","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004033","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004033","article-title":"Stretchable, fully polymeric electrode arrays for peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.012","article-title":"Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1081\/MC-100101421","article-title":"Conjugated and fullerene-containing polymers for electronic and photonic applications: Advanced syntheses and microlithographic fabrications","volume":"39","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci., Part C"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.015","article-title":"Conductive polymers: Towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37553","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01851J","article-title":"Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c41","first-page":"215","article-title":"hitoeCap","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400761","article-title":"Tattoo conductive polymer nanosheets for skin-contact applications","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18503-8","article-title":"Fully organic compliant dry electrodes self-adhesive to skin for long-term motion-robust epidermal biopotential monitoring","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28027-y","article-title":"Solution-processable, soft, self-adhesive, and conductive polymer composites for soft electronics","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/9\/R47","article-title":"Dry electrodes for electrocardiography","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34086","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA05738E","article-title":"Progress in polydimethylsiloxane-modified waterborne polyurethanes","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114453","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA14525F","article-title":"Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01235K","article-title":"Conductive elastomer composites for fully polymeric, flexible bioelectronics","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-017-1154-5","article-title":"EMG based neural network and admittance control of an active wrist orthosis","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c50","article-title":"Standards for surface electromyography: The European project surface EMG for non-invasive assessment of muscles (SENIAM)","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c51","unstructured":"J.\n            Keating\n          , \u201c\nRelating forearm muscle electrical activity to finger forces,\u201d \nM.Sc. thesis (\nWorcester Polytechnic Institute, 2014)."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c52","first-page":"2332","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12431","DOI":"10.3390\/s130912431","article-title":"Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.01.015","article-title":"Exploration of force myography and surface electromyography in hand gesture classification","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c55","article-title":"A study of back-propagation and radial basis neural network on EMG signal classification","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c56","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Backpropagation algorithm: An artificial neural network approach for pattern recognition","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00624-4","article-title":"Studies of chloride adsorption on the Ag\/AgCl electrode","volume":"76","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.04.211","article-title":"Evaluation of bioelectric signals for human recognition","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601167","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201601167","article-title":"Inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS electrodes on paper for electrocardiography","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40045","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00079G","article-title":"Highly precise nanofiber web-based dry electrodes for vital signal monitoring","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2201154","article-title":"Nanofiber web textile dry electrodes for long-term biopotential recording","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.11.008","article-title":"A flexible touch sensor based on conductive elastomer for biopotential monitoring applications","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300311","article-title":"Conducting polymer electrodes for electroencephalography","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2912667","article-title":"Multilayer sweat-absorbable textile electrode for EEG measurement in forehead site","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c65","first-page":"175","article-title":"EMG motion pattern classification through design and optimization of neural network","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c66","article-title":"SEMG based human machine interface for controlling wheel chair by using ANN","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c67","first-page":"700","article-title":"Multi run ICA and surface EMG based signal processing system for recognising hand gestures","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4103\/2228-7477.168649","article-title":"Designing a low-noise, high-resolution, and portable four channel acquisition system for recording surface electromyographic signal","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Signals Sens."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c69","article-title":"Deep neural network for EMG signal classification of wrist position: Preliminary results","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0302-9","article-title":"Performance evaluation of five types of Ag\/AgCl bio-electrodes for cerebral electrical impedance tomography","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112397","article-title":"Fabrication and characteristic of flexible dry bioelectrodes with microstructures inspired by golden margined century plant leaf","volume":"321","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4770","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b01355","article-title":"Bioinspired, highly stretchable, and conductive dry adhesives based on 1D\u20132D hybrid carbon nanocomposites for all-in-one ECG electrodes","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805224","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805224","article-title":"Conductive and stretchable adhesive electronics with miniaturized octopus-like suckers against dry\/wet skin for biosignal monitoring","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49322-7","article-title":"High resolution micro-patterning of stretchable polymer electrodes through directed wetting localization","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700621","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700621","article-title":"Silicone-based adhesives with highly tunable adhesion force for skin-contact applications","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10025","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10025","article-title":"Cohesive dry ECG sensor using silver nanowires and PDMS tuned for adhesion","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Devices Sens."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906460","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201906460","article-title":"A metal-like conductive elastomer with a hierarchical wrinkled structure","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-005-6070-2","article-title":"Characterization of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) properties for biomedical micro\/nanosystems","volume":"7","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/7\/3\/017","article-title":"The mechanical properties of the rubber elastic polymer polydimethylsiloxane for sensor applications","volume":"7","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8235729","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8235729","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of PDMS films for the optimization of polymer based flexible capacitive pressure microsensors","volume":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c81","volume-title":"Surface Electromyography: Detection and Recording","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.07.025","article-title":"Standards of instrumentation of EMG","volume":"131","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827931","article-title":"A novel fully differential biopotential amplifier with DC suppression","volume":"51","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(11)60096-6","article-title":"A wavelet-based method to predict muscle forces from surface electromyography signals in weightlifting","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c85","first-page":"1744","volume-title":"Stages for Developing Control Systems Using EMG and EEG Signals: A Survey","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c86","first-page":"1465","article-title":"GA-based feature subset selection for myoelectric classification","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c87","volume-title":"Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac and Neurological Applications","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023091109410492400_c88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4781.2017","article-title":"G-LOC warning algorithms based on EMG features of the gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"88","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."}],"container-title":["APL Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0148101\/18119341\/036115_1_5.0148101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0148101\/18119341\/036115_1_5.0148101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/apb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0148101\/18119341\/036115_1_5.0148101.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:07:29Z","timestamp":1745352449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/apb\/article\/7\/3\/036115\/2910525\/Surface-electromyography-using-dry-polymeric"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0148101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"article-number":"036115"}}