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Poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a widely used bioelastomer that has been developed for various regenerative medicine applications because of its excellent elasticity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, because of inadequate active groups, strong hydrophobicity, and limited ink extrusion accuracy, 3D printed PGS scaffolds may cause insufficient bioactivity, inefficient cell inoculation, and inconsistent cellular composition, which seriously hinders its further cartilage regenerative application. Here, we combined 3D printed PGS frameworks with an encapsulated gelatin hydrogel to fabricate a PGS@Gel composite scaffold. PGS@Gel scaffolds have a controllable porous microstructure, with suitable pore sizes and enhanced hydrophilia, which could significantly promote the cells' penetration and adhesion for efficient chondrocyte inoculation. Furthermore, the outstanding elasticity and fatigue durability of the PGS framework enabled the regenerated cartilage built by the PGS@Gel scaffolds to resist the dynamic in vivo environment and maintain its original morphology. Importantly, PGS@Gel scaffolds increased the rate of cartilage regeneration concurrent with scaffold degradation. The scaffold was gradually degraded and integrated to form uniform, dense, and mature regenerated cartilage tissue with little scaffold residue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0152151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T12:26:51Z","timestamp":1691152011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gelatin-modified 3D printed PGS elastic hierarchical porous scaffold for cartilage regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9975-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College 1 , Weifang, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1017-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University 3 , Xinxiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5356-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College 1 , Weifang, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengya","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College 1 , Weifang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College 1 , Weifang, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2488-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangdong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College 1 , Weifang, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 2 , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080412262386600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222454","article-title":"Unlike bone, cartilage regeneration remains elusive","volume":"338","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023080412262386600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082366","article-title":"Repair of damaged articular cartilage: Current approaches and future directions","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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