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However, the security challenges faced by satellite networks are increasing, with the potential for a few satellite failures to trigger cascading failures and network outages. Therefore, enhancing the robustness of the network in the face of cascading failures is of utmost importance. This paper aims to explore the robustness of LEO satellite networks when encountering cascading failures and then proposes a modeling method based on virtual nodes and load capacity. In addition, considering that the ground station layout and the number of connected satellites together determine the structure of the final LEO satellite network, we here propose an improved ground station establishment method that is more suitable for the current network model. Finally, the robustness of the LEO satellite networks is deeply studied under two different attacks and cost constraints. Simulations of LEO satellite networks with different topologies show that the maximum load attacks have a destructive impact on the network, which can be mitigated by adjusting the topology and parameters to ensure normal network operation. The current model and related results provide practical insights into the protection of LEO satellite networks, which can mitigate cascading risks and enhance the robustness of LEO systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0194027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1710430436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Analyzing the robustness of LEO satellite networks based on two different attacks and load distribution methods"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1463-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaijie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Tiangong University 1 , Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2527-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaojie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Tiangong University 1 , Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, National University of Defense Technology 2 , Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Tiangong University 3 , Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031415335281800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3197695","article-title":"A survey on non-geostationary satellite systems: The communication perspective","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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