{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:24:16Z","timestamp":1776176656498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12127809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12127809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National MCF Energy R&D Program of China","award":["2019YFE0304003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0304003"]}]},{"name":"The Major Special Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province","award":["912188707023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912188707023"]}]},{"name":"the HFIPS Director's Fund","award":["YZJJKX202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZJJKX202301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The formation of a plasma sheath on the surface of spacecraft or satellites during high-speed atmospheric entry is a significant factor that affects communication and radar detection. Experimental research apparatus for electromagnetic science can simulate this plasma sheath and study the interaction mechanisms between electromagnetic waves and plasma sheaths. Electron density is a crucial parameter for this research. Therefore, in this paper, a HCN heterodyne interferometer has been designed to measure the electron densities of the device, which range from 1 \u00d7 109 to 3 \u00d7 1013\u00a0cm\u22123 and the pressure ranges from 50 to 1500\u00a0Pa. The light source is a HCN laser with a wavelength of 337 \u00b5m, which exhibits higher spatial resolution compared to microwave interferometers. The interferometer is configured as a Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer, which generates an intermediate frequency through the Doppler shift achieved by a rotating grating. The spatial and temporal resolution of the HCN interferometry reach \u223c14\u00a0mm and 100 \u00b5s, respectively. Antenna-coupled ALGaN\/GaN-HEMT detectors have been utilized, as they possess higher sensitivity\u2014with a typical reduction factor responsivity of around 900 V\/W\u2014than VDI planar-diode Integrated Conical Horn Fundamental Mixers in HCN interferometry. Recently, the initial results of the HCN interferometer designed for ERAES have been obtained during an experimental campaign, demonstrating a phase resolution of up to 0.04\u03c0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0215704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T12:45:37Z","timestamp":1725367537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The first results of the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) interferometer measuring experimental research apparatus for electromagnetic science (ERAES) for hypersonic vehicle plasma in near space"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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