{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T05:39:01Z","timestamp":1777786741374,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB-030558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB-030558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL-125084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL-125084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB-030024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB-030024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-23-1-0685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-23-1-0685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH CounterACT Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 ES027698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 ES027698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI19C1234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI19C1234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019266","name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1711194191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711194191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019266","name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2020-KD000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-KD000024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorine exposure can cause severe airway injuries. While the acute effects of chlorine inhalation are well-documented, the structural changes resulting from the post-acute, high-level chlorine exposure remain less understood. Airway sloughing is one of the standards for doctors to evaluate the lung function. Here, we report the application of a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomography system to investigate the progression of injury based on airway sloughing evaluation in a chlorine inhalation rabbit model. This system employs a 1.2\u00a0mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probe via an endotracheal tube to capture in vivo large airway anatomical changes before and as early as 30\u00a0min\u00a0after acute chlorine exposure. We conducted an animal study using New Zealand white rabbits exposed to acute chlorine gas (800 ppm, 6\u00a0min) during ventilation and monitored them using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for 6\u00a0h. To measure the volume of airway sloughing induced by chlorine gas, we utilized deep learning for the segmentation task on OCT images. The results showed that the volume of chlorine induced epithelial sloughing on rabbit tracheal walls initially increased, peaked around 30\u00a0min, and then decreased. Furthermore, we utilized a spectral encoded interferometric microscopy system to study ex vivo airway cilia beating dynamics based on Doppler shift, aiding in elucidating how chlorine gas affects cilia beating function. Cilia movability and beating frequency were decreased because of the epithelium damage. This quantitative approach has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of injuries from toxic gas inhalation and to evaluate the efficacy of antidote treatments for these injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0222153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T14:24:15Z","timestamp":1725632655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantitative assessment of chlorine gas inhalation injury based on endoscopic OCT and spectral encoded interferometric microscope imaging with deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-3170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhikai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine 1 , Irvine, California 92612,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, 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92612,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7368-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusi","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine 1 , Irvine, California 92612,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine 2 , Irvine, California 92612,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3859-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Philipopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine 1 , Irvine, California 92612,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine 2 , Irvine, California 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