{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:57:04Z","timestamp":1772103424023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019062","name":"Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022SKY163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SKY163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which typically occurs in patients between the ages of 10 and 18, can be caused by a variety of reasons, and no definitive cause has been found. Early diagnosis of AIS or timely recognition of progression is crucial for the prevention of spinal deformity and the reduction of the risk of surgery or postponement. However, it remains a significant challenge. The purpose of this study is to develop an easy-to-use, non-invasive, and portable method for early diagnosis of AIS. A new framework of moving entropy-based computer vision method is presented, which can determine the severity of AIS by analyzing patients\u2019 walking videos. First, Alphapose system and direct linear transformation method are employed to estimate 3D keypoint coordinates. Then, the joint angle-based and joint distance-based dynamic network are constructed. Based on these works, the new measures called moving angle entropy and moving edge-weighted graph entropy are proposed and fused using canonical correlation analysis. Finally, the power spectral exponents of entropy sequences are calculated and used in recognizing the severity of AIS. A comparison with healthy subjects and statistical analysis for entropy values can provide effective information for quantifying AIS. The recognized results of our proposed method were also comparable with the clinical diagnosis of Cobb angle from imaging by a certified clinician.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0238864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T13:05:12Z","timestamp":1737032712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of dynamic features in the walking videos of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on moving entropy"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9524-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China 1 , Tianjin 300300,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4025-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University 2 , Shenzhen 510275,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5543-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangjie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College 3 , Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University 2 , Shenzhen 510275,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College 3 , Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China 1 , Tianjin 300300,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011613050705900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181891751","article-title":"The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review of the literature","volume":"33","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05077-0","article-title":"The prevalence of scoliosis among adolescents in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.5.559","article-title":"Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: A 50-year natural history study","volume":"289","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000137072.41425.ec","article-title":"Historical perspective: William Adams, the forward bending test, and the spine of Gideon Algernon Mantell","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093258","article-title":"A review of the methods on cobb angle measurements for spinal curvature","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1096-z","article-title":"The classic: The iliac apophysis: An invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis","volume":"468","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.\u00ae"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200003000-00023","article-title":"The risk of carcinogenesis from radiographs to pediatric orthopaedic patients","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001961","article-title":"Early detection of progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A severity index","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00075-2","article-title":"The postural stability control and gait pattern of idiopathic scoliosis adolescents","volume":"13","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.08.022","article-title":"Reliability of a new method for measuring coronal trunk imbalance, the axis-line-angle technique","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000209312.62384.c1","article-title":"Three-dimensional classification of spinal deformities using fuzzy clustering","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2845-y","article-title":"Asymmetrical gait in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0899-7","article-title":"Gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Kinematics and electromyographic analysis","volume":"18","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0469-9","article-title":"Inter-trial and test\u2013retest reliability of kinematic and kinetic gait parameters among subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01272-6","article-title":"The application of machine learning methods for predicting the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-011-0281-2","article-title":"Entropy measures for biological signal analyses","volume":"68","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2003.08.022","article-title":"Multiscale entropy analysis of human gait dynamics","volume":"330","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","article-title":"Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy","volume":"278","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2006.888089","article-title":"Intrinsic mode entropy for nonlinear discriminant analysis","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.04.014","article-title":"Multi-resolution entropy analysis of gait symmetry in neurological degenerative diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"30","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.01.004","article-title":"Cross-fuzzy entropy: A new method to test pattern synchrony of bivariate time series","volume":"180","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/e20010077","article-title":"Characterizing normal and pathological gait through permutation entropy","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040412","article-title":"Gait stability measurement by using average entropy","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c25"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.020","article-title":"Arm swing asymmetry in Parkinson\u2019s disease measured with ultrasound based motion analysis during treadmill gait","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.421","article-title":"Effect of forced use of the lower extremity on gait performance and mobility of post-acute stroke patients","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Therapy Sci."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062114","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.95.062114","article-title":"Entropy measures, entropy estimators, and their performance in quantifying complex dynamics: Effects of artifacts, nonstationarity, and long-range correlations","volume":"95","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2820126","article-title":"Graph signal processing: Overview, challenges, and applications","volume":"106","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.3390\/e17063710","article-title":"Entropy of weighted graphs with Randi\u0107 weights","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell. Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186605","article-title":"Network diversity and economic development","volume":"328","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000197652.52890.71","article-title":"Spinal range of motion, muscle endurance, and back pain and function at least 20 years after fusion or brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A case\u2013control study","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c34"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.45.712","article-title":"Geometry from a time series","volume":"45","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4153\/CJM-1957-060-7","article-title":"Graphs with given group and given graph-theoretical properties","volume":"9","year":"1957","journal-title":"Can. J. Math."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Extremal graphs for weights","volume-title":"Discrete Mathematics","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-365X(98)00320-3"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.10.047","article-title":"Fully automatic face normalization and single sample face recognition in unconstrained environments","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(83)90030-1","article-title":"Chaos in the cubic mapping","volume":"4","year":"1983","journal-title":"Math. Model."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7157","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3222784","article-title":"Alphapose: Whole-body regional multi-person pose estimation and tracking in real-time","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.3670","article-title":"Logistic map: A possible random-number generator","volume":"51","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c42"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58690U","DOI":"10.1117\/12.618478","article-title":"An overview of power spectral density (PSD) calculations","volume":"5869","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2025011613050705900_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.28.1210","article-title":"Functional renormalization-group theory of universal 1 f noise in dynamical systems","volume":"28","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"}],"container-title":["Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/cha\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0238864\/20351900\/013140_1_5.0238864.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/cha\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0238864\/20351900\/013140_1_5.0238864.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T13:05:14Z","timestamp":1737032714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/cha\/article\/35\/1\/013140\/3331648\/Characterization-of-dynamic-features-in-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0238864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-1500","1089-7682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-1500","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"article-number":"013140"}}