{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:23:22Z","timestamp":1785803002617,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52275022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20222011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20222011"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures","award":["MCMS-I-0322K01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCMS-I-0322K01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the extremely high pressures in the deep sea, traditional rigid actuators typically require protective vessels and pressure-compensation systems, leading to complex structures and increased risk of structural failure. The inherent adaptability of piezoelectric excitation and friction-coupling drive to high-pressure environments suggests that, theoretically, piezoelectric actuators can operate in full-ocean-depth pressure conditions with an open, direct-immersion structure without requiring bulky pressure-compensation systems. However, the feasibility of piezoelectric actuators operating in full-ocean-depth pressure environments (0\u2013110 MPa) remains unvalidated. To address this, we designed an M-shaped hybrid-mode piezoelectric actuator to experimentally verify its performance under full-ocean-depth pressure conditions. The actuator\u2019s structural dimensions were determined using the finite element method to meet the requirements of frequency degeneracy. We developed a high-pressure water simulation system and measured velocity to evaluate the actuator's performance in simulated full-ocean-depth pressure environments. Our results demonstrate that the actuator prototype operates successfully under pressures up to 110 MPa, equivalent to a depth of 11\u2009000\u00a0m, the Earth's deepest point. In addition, the actuator\u2019s velocity remains stable across hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0 to 110 MPa. Although our experiments focus on the M-shaped hybrid-mode design, this actuator embodies the core principles of piezoelectric excitation and friction-coupling drive, which are broadly applicable to various piezoelectric actuators. By validating this design, we broaden both the structural configurations and driving mechanisms available for piezoelectric actuators and provide key insights into the feasibility of piezoelectric actuators operating under full-ocean-depth pressure conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0240200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T13:34:13Z","timestamp":1739194453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Feasibility validation of piezoelectric actuators under full-ocean-depth pressure conditions: A study based on M-shaped hybrid-mode design"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University of Technology 1 , Maanshan 243032,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9316-1051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anti","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 , Nanjing 210016,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021013340887400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44952","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44952","article-title":"The giant deep-sea octopus Haliphron atlanticus forages on gelatinous fauna","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2016.03.012","article-title":"News from the seabed\u2013Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources","volume":"70","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03153-z","article-title":"Self-powered soft robot in the Mariana Trench","volume":"591","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/act11010011","article-title":"Characteristics of hydraulic and electric servo motors","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Actuators"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4031\/mtsj.53.1.7","article-title":"Influence of deep-sea ambient conditions in the performance of pressure-compensated induction motors","volume":"53","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2007.08.003","article-title":"Buckling of multi-segment underwater pressure hull","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070014","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202070014","article-title":"Cephalopod-inspired swimming robot using dielectric elastomer synthetic jet actuator","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21960","article-title":"Controlling ocean one: Human\u2013robot collaboration for deep-sea manipulation","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Field Rob."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.06.018","article-title":"Underwater manipulators: A review","volume":"163","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020648","article-title":"Marine robotics for deep-sea specimen collection: A systematic review of underwater grippers","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33138-y","article-title":"A dexterous, glove-based teleoperable low-power soft robotic arm for delicate deep-sea biological exploration","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900716","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900716","article-title":"Piezoelectric actuators and motors: Materials, designs, and applications","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.106964","article-title":"Effective dynamical model for piezoelectric stick\u2013slip actuators in bi-directional motion","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.06.007","article-title":"Design and manufacturing of ultrasonic motor with in-plane and out-of-plane bending vibration modes of rectangular plate with large contact area","volume":"109","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.03.035","article-title":"A rotary piezoelectric motor using bending vibrators","volume":"196","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.09.039","article-title":"Development of a three-DOF piezoelectric actuator using a thin cross-beam vibrator","volume":"149","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.04.042","article-title":"Design optimization of double ring rotary type ultrasonic motor","volume":"293","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.06.038","article-title":"Development of a friction model based on oblique cutting theory","volume":"160","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.06.030","article-title":"Development and performance of a novel ultrasonic vibration plate sonotrode for grinding","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Manuf. Processes"},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2018.2842730","article-title":"Development of a two-dimensional linear piezoelectric stepping platform using longitudinal-bending hybrid actuators","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2013.2257153","article-title":"Modeling and compensation of asymmetric hysteresis nonlinearity for piezoceramic actuators with a modified Prandtl\u2013Ishlinskii model","volume":"61","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1109\/tmech.2014.2360416","article-title":"Proxy-based sliding-mode tracking control of piezoelectric-actuated nanopositioning stages","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2021.106495","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics and active control of smart beams using shear\/extensional mode piezoelectric actuators","volume":"204","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/ace814","article-title":"Implementation of cross-scale plane micro-scratching process driven by hybrid piezoelectric actuation","volume":"32","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200262","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200262","article-title":"A 5 cm-scale piezoelectric jetting agile underwater robot","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2022.108812","article-title":"A simple linear driving actuator for robotic arm used in land-deep sea","volume":"170","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/ac663f","article-title":"A novel 3-DoF piezoelectric robotic pectoral fin: Design, simulation, and experimental investigation","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010031","article-title":"A novel dual-rotor ultrasonic motor for underwater propulsion","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.116807","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical study on underwater biomimetic propulsion using piezoelectric actuation","volume":"295","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105032","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/ac207c","article-title":"A novel piezoelectric actuated 2-DOF joint for underwater manipulator: Design, simulation, and experimental investigation","volume":"30","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/abbdb6","article-title":"A novel U-shaped piezoelectric actuator for underwater robotic finger","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105047","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665x\/ab3c3a","article-title":"A novel piezoelectric actuated underwater robotic finger","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2025021013340887400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111971","article-title":"A review on piezoelectric ultrasonic motors for the past decade: Classification, operating principle, performance, and future work perspectives","volume":"306","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0240200\/20386445\/025003_1_5.0240200.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0240200\/20386445\/025003_1_5.0240200.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1739194462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/96\/2\/025003\/3334542\/Feasibility-validation-of-piezoelectric-actuators"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0240200","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"article-number":"025003"}}