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However, the effect of CO2 forcing on one side and the role of internal climate variability on the timing of tipping and the AMOC hysteresis on the other side remain less explored. Here, we address this gap by running three independent AMOC hysteresis simulations, consisting of a slow ramp-up plus ramp-down in the CO2 concentration (0.2\u2009ppm\/year) within the PlaSim-Large-Scale Geostrophic (LSG) intermediate complexity model. We show that the realizations of the CO2-driven hysteresis cycle, and particularly, the timing of the tipping and recovery, are remarkably affected by internal climate variability. In one of the three simulations, we even observe a reversed cycle, where the AMOC recovers at a higher CO2 level than at the collapse point. While statistical Early Warning Signals (EWSs) show some success in detecting the tipping points, we also find that the internal variability in the EWS considerably reduces the predictability of collapse and leads to false positives of an approaching AMOC tipping. We suggest that the AMOC collapse in the presence of internal climate variability may have characteristics that deviate substantially from the behavior seen in simple models and that caution is needed when interpreting results from a single-experiment realization. Our findings highlight the need for a probabilistic approach in defining a \u201csafe operating space\u201d for AMOC stability, since it might not be possible to define a single critical CO2 threshold to prevent AMOC collapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0241503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T15:28:19Z","timestamp":1740670099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Noise-shaped hysteresis cycles of the AMOC under increasing CO2 forcing"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8270-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy 1 , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Physics, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Torino 2 , Turin,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4306-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Zappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy 1 , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ragone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georges Lema\u00eetre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain 3 , Louvain-la-Neuve,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium 4 , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Torino 2 , Turin,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022715281143300_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015083","article-title":"Stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: A review and synthesis","volume":"124","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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