{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:37:41Z","timestamp":1788172661111,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024C03042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C03050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62333023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62333023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52405005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52405005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lower-limb exoskeletons have become increasingly popular in rehabilitation to help patients with disabilities regain mobility and independence. Brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) offers a natural control method for these exoskeletons, allowing users to operate them through their electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. However, the limited EEG decoding performance of the BCI system restricts its application for lower limb exoskeletons. To address this challenge, we propose an attention-based motor imagery BCI system for lower limb exoskeletons. The decoding module of the proposed BCI system combines the convolutional neural network (CNN) with a lightweight attention module. The CNN aims to extract meaningful features from EEG signals, while the lightweight attention module aims to capture global dependencies among these features. The experiments are divided into offline and online experiments. The offline experiment is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different decoding methods, while the online experiment is conducted on a customized lower limb exoskeleton to evaluate the proposed BCI system. Eight subjects are recruited for the experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the great classification performance of the decoding method and validate the feasibility of the proposed BCI system. Our approach establishes a promising BCI system for the lower limb exoskeleton and is expected to achieve a more effective and user-friendly rehabilitation process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0243337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T13:28:57Z","timestamp":1735046937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An attention-based motor imagery brain\u2013computer interface system for lower limb exoskeletons"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-2059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University 1 , Beijing 100191,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University 2 , Hangzhou 310056,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University 2 , Hangzhou 310056,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongcai","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University 1 , Beijing 100191,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University 2 , Hangzhou 310056,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University 1 , Beijing 100191,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024122713312282300_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0b013e318269d9a3","article-title":"The rewalk powered exoskeleton to restore ambulatory function to individuals with thoracic-level motor-complete spinal cord injury","volume":"91","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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