{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:20:04Z","timestamp":1772137204911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2442346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2442346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lab-on-CMOS is an instrumentation technology that combines miniaturized bioanalytical hardware with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics to provide integrated biosensing in a compact format. This paper focuses on a class of lab-on-CMOS systems that utilize capacitance sensing as a means to monitor cell cultures and track cell proliferation, as well as other cell life-cycle events. In this paradigm, changes in interfacial capacitance result from the activity of adherent cells at a bioelectronic interface. These changes are mapped to cell proliferation or life-cycle events using ground-truth measurements such as live cell imaging from real-time microscopy. This paper identifies instrumentation challenges that arise from conducting these ground-truth measurements in a calibrated cell culture environment, i.e., when the lab-on-CMOS system is deployed inside a CO2 cell culture incubator. In particular, we provide a detailed study of evaporation and focus degradation mitigation techniques for application in-incubator live cell imaging during lab-on-CMOS capacitance sensor calibration tasks. We show that autofocusing the microscopy column and provisioning the lab-on-CMOS with an immersion lid are two approaches that significantly improve the quality of live cell imaging ground-truth measurements over long periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0271101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T12:38:11Z","timestamp":1757680691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaporation and focus degradation mitigation in in-incubator live cell imaging for capacitance lab-on-CMOS microsystem calibration"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Gilpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.-Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Dandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091208380893400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-24790-3.00018-1","article-title":"Lab-on-chip technology for clinical and medical application","volume-title":"Advanced Sensors for Smart Healthcare","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025091208380893400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/mcas.2014.2314264","article-title":"CMOS based lab-on-a-chip: Applications, challenges and future trends","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Syst. 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