{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T14:39:00Z","timestamp":1774017540207,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114-2622-M-007-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2622-M-007-001-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a side-coupled cylindrical microwave applicator operating in the 2.45\u00a0GHz TE011 mode, integrated with a mechanical stirrer for uniform heating. The design was optimized (radius: 90\u00a0mm, height: 145\u00a0mm) and evaluated using HFSS simulations to examine geometric, dielectric, and coupling effects. TE011-mode excitation remained stable under high-loss loading and was only achieved via vertical waveguide injection. The metallic stirrer caused no measurable perturbation, with resonance frequency and \u221210 dB bandwidth remaining consistent across 0\u00b0\u201345\u00b0 blade orientations. Resonance frequency shifted &amp;gt;50\u00a0MHz with \u00b110\u00a0mm surface-height changes but was largely insensitive to submersion depth. Experimental validation used a catalyst-free esterification of oleic acid and glycerol (760 ml) at 200\u2009\u00b0C and 160 Torr. The microwave system achieved a significantly faster reduction in acid index (AI%) than mantle heating, demonstrating rapid thermal delivery and supporting better energy efficiency under matched thermal profiles. To enhance scalability, a next-generation applicator was developed with bottom waveguide injection and an integrated air buffer. This design preserved TE011-mode excitation across 10\u2013160\u00a0mm sample heights and supported stable operation over a broad dielectric range, with S11 &amp;lt; \u221215 dB and resonance shifts within \u00b110\u00a0MHz. These results establish a robust platform for efficient, solvent-adaptive microwave-assisted chemical processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0293443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:50:11Z","timestamp":1774011011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A side-coupled microwave applicator supporting azimuthally symmetric modes with metal stirrer for liquid-phase reactions"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1730-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 300,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Wen","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 300,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2501-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsun-Hsu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu 300,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032008500743900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1039\/b922797k","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. 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