{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:27:57Z","timestamp":1772828877916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014371","name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001142- S\/MICIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001142- S\/MICIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-117080RB-C55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117080RB-C55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-158994OB- C42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-158994OB- C42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000854","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LT0025\/2023-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LT0025\/2023-C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T008709\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T008709\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DHF R1 191019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHF R1 191019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014989","name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-321188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-321188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2019-CoG-863869 FUSION"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2019-CoG-863869 FUSION"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014371","name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BERC 2022-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BERC 2022-2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006433","name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RES-FI-2024-3-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES-FI-2024-3-0014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enveloped viruses are characterized by spike proteins that protrude from and decorate the viral membrane. These proteins play a crucial role in host cell interactions and exhibit dynamic behaviors, such as tilting, lateral diffusion, and clustering, which vary across different types of enveloped viruses. For instance, SARS-CoV-2 spikes tilt to facilitate receptor binding, influenza spikes migrate during infection, and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) spikes migrate and cluster to enhance infectivity. In this study, we investigate how such dynamics influence the virus mobility. We characterize viral mobility through translational and rotational diffusion coefficients using a mesoscopic model that incorporates the dynamics of both the flexible spike proteins and the viral envelope. Using the smoothed dissipative particle dynamics method, we construct three virion models with varying spike flexibility. The first is a fully rigid virus with static spikes, the second is a model with spikes that tilt but remain fixed in position, and the third is a model allowing both tilting and lateral diffusion of spikes across the envelope. Our results show that spike flexibility primarily affects rotational diffusion, whereas the envelope dominates the translational mobility of the virus. We also explore spike clustering driven purely by hydrodynamic interactions and compare with an experimental model reference using DNA-PAINT super-resolution imaging of HIV-like particles. We identify that hydrodynamic interactions alone can be responsible for the dynamic clustering of spike proteins where the characteristic size and lifespan of such clusters indicate predominantly doublet and triplet formations. Our findings highlight the role of spike dynamics in whole virion mobility and motivate further investigations with time-resolved experimental evidence to fully characterize clustering behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0294660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T11:54:37Z","timestamp":1770033277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mesoscale transport of enveloped viruses"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Moreno-Chaparro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM 1 , Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea 2 , Barrio Sarriena Leioa 48940,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0130-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencio","family":"Balboa Usabiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM 1 , Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Zaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 3 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6222-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine 4 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King\u2019s College London 5 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8510-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry S.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 3 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine 4 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King\u2019s College London 5 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Carlon-Andres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine 4 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King\u2019s College London 5 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7089-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Simoncelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 3 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University College London 6 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Padilla-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine 4 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King\u2019s College London 5 , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ellero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM 1 , Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 7 , Calle de Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Complex Fluids Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University 8 , Swansea SA1 8EN,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6713-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM 1 , Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020206543283700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012021","article-title":"Cellular receptors for mammalian viruses","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd5223","article-title":"In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges","volume":"370","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.2c00981","article-title":"Breathing and tilting: mesoscale simulations illuminate influenza glycoprotein vulnerabilities","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42836-9","article-title":"Structural insights into the modulation of coronavirus spike tilting and infectivity by hinge glycans","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2014.12.019","article-title":"Nothing to sneeze at: A dynamic and integrative computational model of an influenza A virion","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01522-17","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01522-17","article-title":"Unique directional motility of influenza C virus controlled by its filamentous morphology and short-range motions","volume":"92","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43764","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.43764","article-title":"Influenza A virus surface proteins are organized to help penetrate host mucus","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1039\/d3sm00371j","article-title":"The sliding motility of the bacilliform virions of influenza A viruses","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34008-y","article-title":"Dynamic HIV-1 spike motion creates vulnerability for its membrane-bound tripod to antibody attack","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48991-x","article-title":"Nanoscale cellular organization of viral RNA and proteins in SARS-CoV-2 replication organelles","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130a","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.11.993","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of HIV-1 Env trimers on native virions engaged in living T cells","volume":"120","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01311033","article-title":"Morphogenesis and morphology of HIV structure-function relations","volume":"106","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00515-6","article-title":"Envelope glycoprotein mobility on HIV-1 particles depends on the virus maturation state","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00041-10","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy in imaging of viruses and virus-infected cells","volume":"75","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsurf.2008.09.001","article-title":"High-speed atomic force microscopy for nano-visualization of dynamic biomolecular processes","volume":"83","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2008.12.004","article-title":"Deterministic and probabilistic approaches for tracking virus particles in time-lapse fluorescence microscopy image sequences","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.07.019","article-title":"Biosensing with nanoaperture optical tweezers","volume":"109","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser. Technol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00021-6","article-title":"Optical tweezers in single-molecule biophysics","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088288","article-title":"Morphology of influenza B\/Lee\/40 determined by cryo-electron microscopy","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2665-2","article-title":"Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions","volume":"588","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001730","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001730","article-title":"Visualising viruses","volume":"103","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c22","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Computational virology: Molecular simulations of virus dynamics and interactions","volume-title":"Physical Virology, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2022.106908","article-title":"Unravelling viral dynamics through molecular dynamics simulations - A brief overview","volume":"291","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00258","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation in virus research","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.004","article-title":"Fighting viruses with computers, right now","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.08.003","article-title":"Molecular dynamics of the viral life cycle: Progress and prospects","volume":"50","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.3c00116","article-title":"Understanding virus structure and dynamics through molecular simulations","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/08927022.2013.819430","article-title":"Self-assembly of two-patch particles in solution: A Brownian dynamics simulation study","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Simul."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-017-0491-4","article-title":"A multiscale modeling study of particle size effects on the tissue penetration efficacy of drug-delivery nanoparticles","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Syst. Biol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89682","article-title":"Self-assembly of nanoparticles decorated by liquid crystalline groups: Computer simulations","volume-title":"Self-Assembly of Nanostructures and Patchy Nanoparticles","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10628","DOI":"10.1039\/d0sm00712a","article-title":"Characterising the diffusion of biological nanoparticles on fluid and cross-linked membranes","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2012.664661","article-title":"Mesoscale simulations of curvature-inducing protein partitioning on lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of mean curvature fields","volume":"110","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c33","volume-title":"Entropic Factors and Structural Motifs of Triblock-Terpolymer-Based Patchy Nanoparticles","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.2c05217","article-title":"Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of nanoparticle diffusion in a crosslinked polymer network","volume":"126","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10524","DOI":"10.1039\/c9nr01858a","article-title":"Adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of surface segregation in PdAu nanoparticles","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113101","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031875","article-title":"Coronavirus rotational diffusivity","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033115","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0048626","article-title":"Peplomer bulb shape and coronavirus rotational diffusivity","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"037125","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0140851","article-title":"Coronavirus peplomer charge heterogeneity","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2022.111365","article-title":"A numerical method for suspensions of articulated bodies in viscous flows","volume":"464","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14884-6","article-title":"Hydrodynamics of spike proteins dictate a transport-affinity competition for SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104108","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0136833","article-title":"Computational modeling of passive transport of functionalized nanoparticles","volume":"158","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026705","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.026705","article-title":"Smoothed dissipative particle dynamics","volume":"67","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-018-2255-6","article-title":"Everything you always wanted to know about SDPD\u22c6 (\u22c6but were afraid to ask)","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.aa.30.090192.002551","article-title":"Smoothed particle hydrodynamics","volume":"30","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012006","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0035936","article-title":"Arbitrary flow boundary conditions in smoothed dissipative particle dynamics: A generalized virtual rheometer","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.1039\/d3sm01090b","article-title":"Computational mesoscale framework for biological clustering and fractal aggregation","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1039\/d4sm01126k","article-title":"Mesoscale modelling of fibrin clots: The interplay between rheology and microstructure at the gel point","volume":"21","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c48","unstructured":"S.\n            Espinosa-Moreno\n          , N.Moreno, and M.Ellero, \u201cComputational modelling of thixotropic multiphase fluids using smoothed dissipative particle dynamics,\u201d arXiv:2507.02766 (2025)."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40324-021-00280-z","article-title":"GENERIC-compliant simulations of Brownian multi-particle systems: Modeling stochastic lubrication","volume":"79","year":"2022","journal-title":"SeMA J."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634792","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.634792","article-title":"Entropic effects of interacting particles diffusing on spherical surfaces","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/s10189-023-00329-z","article-title":"Diffusion coefficients and MSD measurements on curved membranes and porous media","volume":"46","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031402","DOI":"10.1103\/physreve.74.031402","article-title":"Hydrodynamic interactions and Brownian forces in colloidal suspensions: Coarse-graining over time and length scales","volume":"74","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3676244","article-title":"Multiscale modeling of particle in suspension with smoothed dissipative particle dynamics","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c54","first-page":"549","article-title":"On the movement of small particles suspended in stationary liquids required by the molecular","volume":"17","year":"1905","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.024","article-title":"Super-resolution microscopy with DNA-PAINT","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20240769","article-title":"Single-molecule localisation microscopy approaches reveal envelope glycoprotein clusters in single-enveloped viruses: A potential functional role?","volume":"53","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101503","article-title":"Quantitative super-resolution imaging for the analysis of GPCR oligomerization","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07159","article-title":"Molecular architecture of native HIV-1 gp120 trimers","volume":"455","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0980-9_20","article-title":"Assembly and architecture of HIV","volume":"726","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadv4356","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv4356","article-title":"Structural maturation of the matrix lattice is not required for HIV-1 particle infectivity","volume":"11","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026020206543283700_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607614103","article-title":"Influenza virus pleiomorphy characterized by cryoelectron tomography","volume":"103","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Chemical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/jcp\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0294660\/20886676\/054101_1_5.0294660.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/jcp\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0294660\/20886676\/054101_1_5.0294660.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T11:54:40Z","timestamp":1770033280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jcp\/article\/164\/5\/054101\/3378351\/Mesoscale-transport-of-enveloped-viruses"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0294660","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9606","1089-7690"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9606","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7690","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"article-number":"054101"}}