{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:54:38Z","timestamp":1773359678571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020970","name":"Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ref. No.: C3\/RI & QI\/PDF1-Appoint\/Theme-2\/Group-4\/2021\/130 dated June 07, 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref. No.: C3\/RI & QI\/PDF1-Appoint\/Theme-2\/Group-4\/2021\/130 dated June 07, 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gas sensors are widely used in industrial, medical, and environmental applications for monitoring and quantifying gas molecules under ambient conditions. However, the absence of a dedicated characterization\/testing setup limits comprehensive evaluation and development of gas sensors. This work presents the development of a cost-effective and multifunctional gas sensor testing setup using an operational amplifier-based electrical interfacing circuit, a multifunctional data acquisition card, a syringe pump, and a LabVIEW-based control program. Initial system calibration done using standard known resistors (\u00b11% tolerance) confirmed the setup\u2019s accuracy, with results closely matching those obtained from a Keithley DMM 2700, validating its reliability. The developed setup was tested with variable volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations with controlled thermal conditions and fixed bias voltage operation to enable precise evaluation of gas sensors. To demonstrate its sensor characterization capability, three sensors using p- and n-type semiconductors were deposited on the fabricated interdigitated electrodes. P-type sensor 1 and n-type sensor 2 evaluated V\u2013I responses under varying VOC concentrations, revealing conductivity changes. Sensor 2 assessed thermal stability, showing staircase heating with minimal fluctuations. P-type sensor 3 examined time-dependent responses to ethanol, acetone, and toluene at room temperature, 50, and 100\u2009\u00b0C under a fixed bias, confirming the expected semiconducting behavior of the sensing material. These results demonstrate the VOC sensor testing setup as a robust platform for comprehensive gas-sensor characterization, enabling deeper insights into sensor behavior and advancing next-generation devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0297742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:43:07Z","timestamp":1773319387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and development of a versatile testing setup for volatile organic compound sensors under controlled operating conditions"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayachandiran","family":"Jayavelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 1 , Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]},{"name":"2 School of Advanced Sciences and Languages, VIT Bhopal University, Kothri Kalan 466114, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5039-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Jerrin Thangam","family":"D","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Instrumentation and Service Laboratory, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 3 , Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2763-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navaneethakannan","family":"Muthuraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Instrumentation and Service Laboratory, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 3 , Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nedumaran","family":"Damodaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Instrumentation and Service Laboratory, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 3 , Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkateswaran","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus 1 , Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031208430346900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14680","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04572","article-title":"Early-stage emissions of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds from building materials: Model development, evaluation, and applications","volume":"56","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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