{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T03:34:19Z","timestamp":1770176059613,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras","award":["Exploratory Research Grant 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Exploratory Research Grant 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the technological advancement in blood-contacting biomedical devices, issues related to thrombosis remain a persistent challenge. These devices not only include implants such as artificial heart valves and stents but also surgical tools and instruments. This makes hemocompatibility an important parameter to be considered before developing any material for a blood-contacting device. The two oldest methods, including the mechanical tilting method and the free-hemoglobin method, lack temporal accuracy and quantitative analysis. Our work gives an accurate and quantitative analysis to measure the blood clotting time of various materials that can be used as implant devices. The system relies on measuring the change of reflectance as blood clots on a surface and measures the clotting time and rate by analyzing the time dependent reflectance curve. The system consists of an automated injection system, a heater and temperature controller, a red laser and polarizer assembly, and a highly sensitive photodetector. As the blood clotting process begins, the sample surface becomes turbid, causing a change in voltage in the detector. The time taken for this \u201cvoltage change\u201d corresponds to clotting time. Our system shows a prothrombin time of 12.6\u00a0s and an activated partial thromboplastin time of 31.16\u00a0s on the PTFE surface, close to the control due to its hydrophobicity. The electronics and device configuration used in our system give a temporal resolution of 5.7 \u00b1 0.6\u00a0ms in the clotting time determination. Our design is compact, precise, accurate, and devoid of manual observation and errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0303413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T13:44:49Z","timestamp":1770126289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detecting and understanding the dynamics of blood coagulation on a material\u2019s surface: An optical reflectance approach"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhashree","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Semiconducting Oxide Materials, Nanostructures, and Tailored Heterojunctions (SOMNaTH) Lab, Department of Physics, IIT Madras 1 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras 2 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0295-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govinda","family":"Chandra Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semiconducting Oxide Materials, Nanostructures, and Tailored Heterojunctions (SOMNaTH) Lab, Department of Physics, IIT Madras 1 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vignesh","family":"Muthuvijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras 2 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath","family":"Chanda Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semiconducting Oxide Materials, Nanostructures, and Tailored Heterojunctions (SOMNaTH) Lab, Department of Physics, IIT Madras 1 , Chennai 600036,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026020308444367500_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir138","article-title":"Summary of recommendations: Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections","volume":"52","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026020308444367500_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011883","article-title":"Preventing complications of central venous catheterization","volume":"348","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0114-1","article-title":"Analysis of trends and prospects regarding stents for human blood vessels","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020308444367500_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2011.07.003","article-title":"Stent thrombosis and drug-eluting stents","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00099","article-title":"Blood-contacting biomaterials: In vitro evaluation of the hemocompatibility","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.06.021","article-title":"The blood compatibility challenge. Part 1: Blood-contacting medical devices: The scope of the problem","volume":"94","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.018","article-title":"Protein adsorption on blood-contacting surfaces: A thermodynamic perspective to guide the design of antithrombogenic polymer coatings","volume":"180","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"S1","key":"2026020308444367500_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12961","article-title":"Medical device-induced thrombosis: What causes it and how can we prevent it?","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.07.008","article-title":"Anti-thrombotic technologies for medical devices","volume":"112","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020308444367500_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.3505","article-title":"Evaluating whole blood clotting in vitro on biomaterial surfaces","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio-Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s44313-024-00040-8","article-title":"Back to basics: The coagulation pathway","volume":"59","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2019.01.005","article-title":"Advances in monitoring anticoagulant therapy","volume":"90","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020308444367500_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.144643","article-title":"Overview of the coagulation system","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020308444367500_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00071","article-title":"Tailored chemical properties of 4-Arm star shaped poly(D, L-lactide) as cell adhesive three-dimensional scaffolds","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2015.04.086","article-title":"Evaluation of the haemocompatibility of TiO2 coatings obtained by anodic oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/s0040-6090(01)01448-1","article-title":"Biomedical properties of tantalum nitride films synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering","volume":"398\u2013399","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/s0257-8972(00)00659-9","article-title":"Improvement of blood compatibility of artificial heart valves via titanium oxide film coated on low temperature isotropic carbon","volume":"128\u2013129","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Coating. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026020308444367500_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142-9612(03)00046-2","article-title":"Hemocompatibility of titanium oxide films","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026020308444367500_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.08.152","article-title":"Hemocompatibility of C-N films fabricated by ion beam assisted deposition","volume":"193","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coating. Technol."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102046","article-title":"Interaction of blood plasma proteins with superhemophobic titania nanotube surfaces","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"07","key":"2026020308444367500_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712956","article-title":"Comprehensive blood coagulation profiling in patients using iCoagLab: Comparison against thromboelastography","volume":"120","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020308444367500_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11040113","article-title":"Development of an optical method for the evaluation of whole blood coagulation","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00422-1","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance thrombosis through triggering the phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activation of red blood cells","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026020308444367500_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.045","article-title":"The effect of TiO2 nanotubes in the enhancement of blood clotting for the control of hemorrhage","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020308444367500_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2009.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance-temperature calibration equations for NTC thermistors","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026020308444367500_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142-9612(04)00068-7","article-title":"Biomaterial-associated thrombosis: Roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020308444367500_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/34\/6\/s51","article-title":"The physics of near-infrared photography","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-016-0123-z","article-title":"Pre-analytical issues in the haemostasis laboratory: Guidance for the clinical laboratories","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. J."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-111821-072110","article-title":"Nanomechanics of blood clot and thrombus formation","volume":"51","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026020308444367500_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.107.141911","article-title":"Role of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation in hemostasis and thrombosis","volume":"27","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020308444367500_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2015.1050550","article-title":"How it all starts: Initiation of the clotting cascade","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00395","article-title":"Technology advancements in blood coagulation measurements for point-of-care diagnostic testing","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020308444367500_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061169","article-title":"Isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time: Not just bleeding risk","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020308444367500_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0049-3848(00)00405-9","article-title":"Analysis of the activated partial thromboplastin time test using mathematical modeling","volume":"101","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026020308444367500_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra08738g","article-title":"Surface modification strategies for improved hemocompatibility of polymeric materials: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020308444367500_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010043","article-title":"Improved hemocompatibility on superhemophobic micro\u2013nano-structured titanium surfaces","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026020308444367500_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172623","article-title":"Blood coagulation on titanium dioxide films with various crystal structures on titanium implant surfaces","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.09.040","article-title":"Proteins, platelets, and blood coagulation at biomaterial interfaces","volume":"124","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110992","article-title":"Fundamental principles of the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein adsorption to material surfaces","volume":"191","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.01.038","article-title":"Role of protein adsorption in the bio corrosion of metallic implants \u2013 A review","volume":"176","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s42970","article-title":"Understanding the wetting properties of nanostructured selenium coatings: The role of nanostructured surface roughness and air-pocket formation","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026020308444367500_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-4475-7","article-title":"A novel method to prepare hydrophobic poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membrane, and its properties","volume":"45","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026020308444367500_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ma00367d","article-title":"Surface modification strategies to improve titanium hemocompatibility: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020308444367500_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10999-022-09593-x","article-title":"Advances in the development of superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces","volume":"18","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Mater. Des."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026020308444367500_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b08567","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surfaces: Insights from theory and experiment","volume":"124","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020308444367500_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073341","article-title":"Potential of superhydrophobic surface for blood-contacting medical devices","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020308444367500_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14050571","article-title":"A titanium-based superhydrophobic coating with enhanced antibacterial, anticoagulant, and anticorrosive properties for dental applications","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020308444367500_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061075","article-title":"Recent developments in blood-compatible superhydrophobic surfaces","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026020308444367500_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-023-02884-6","article-title":"Synthesis, and impact of annealing rates on the physical and optical properties of spin coated TiO2 thin films for renewable energy applications","volume":"34","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026020308444367500_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-022-09843-w","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity and mechanical performance of O and N Co-doped TiO2 thin films","volume":"51","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Electron. Mater."}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0303413\/20888827\/025204_1_5.0303413.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0303413\/20888827\/025204_1_5.0303413.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T13:44:50Z","timestamp":1770126290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/97\/2\/025204\/3378497\/Detecting-and-understanding-the-dynamics-of-blood"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0303413","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"article-number":"025204"}}