{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:24:18Z","timestamp":1787927058766,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"SRM IST Ramapuram, Tamil Nadu, India","award":["SRM\/IST-RMP\/RI\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRM\/IST-RMP\/RI\/004"]}]},{"name":"Easwari Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India","award":["SRM\/EEC\/RI\/006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRM\/EEC\/RI\/006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/43\/B\/ST8\/00641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/B\/ST8\/00641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we focus on different statistical measures to uncover the complexity of extreme events in various nonlinear dynamical systems. Notably, the effectiveness of the variance-based measure, estimated from the mean recurrence time and entropy, reveals a clear distinction between extreme and non-extreme events. Additionally, the variance measure clearly highlights the critical transition point of unforeseen, rare, large-amplitude dynamics. Our investigation involved models from various disciplines, including the Brusselator chemical oscillator, CO2 laser, superconducting quantum interference devices, and a coupled neuron model. Deeper insights into the complexity of extreme events offer significant value for advancing early prediction methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0304782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:31:56Z","timestamp":1787923916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complexity measures: Characterization of transition to extreme events in dynamical systems"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinoth","family":"Seralan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nonlinear and Complex Networks, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram 1 , Chennai 600 089,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6418-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Leo Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nonlinear and Complex Networks, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram 1 , Chennai 600 089,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5618-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Kumarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram 2 , Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600089,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajit","family":"Mahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dynamics, Lodz University of Technology 3 , Stefanowskiego 1\/15, Lodz 90-924, Lodz,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognitive Science, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center 4 , Trichy 621105,","place":["India"]},{"name":"5 Center for Research, SRM TRP Engineering College, Trichy 621105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9651-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kapitaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dynamics, Lodz University of Technology 3 , Stefanowskiego 1\/15, Lodz 90-924, Lodz,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082808464651700_c1","volume-title":"Extreme Events in Nature and Society","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026082808464651700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"050801","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042065","article-title":"Extreme events: Mechanisms and prediction","volume":"71","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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