{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:49:34Z","timestamp":1776962974710,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21EB033495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB033495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH128721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH128721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS125016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS125016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Organoids offer a promising alternative in biomedical research and clinical medicine, with better feature recapitulation than 2D cultures. They also have more consistent responses with clinical results when compared to animal models. However, major challenges exist in the longevity of culture, the reproducibility of organoid properties, and the development of non-disruptive monitoring methods. Recent advances in materials and microfabrication methods, such as 3D printing and compressive buckling, have enabled three-dimensional (3D) interfaces of microfluidics and bioelectronics to manipulate and monitor these biological models in exciting ways. These advanced systems have great potential for applications in drug delivery, personalized medicine, and disease modeling. We conclude with important future considerations to generate longevity using further technological development in organoid and spheroid models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0306055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:21:37Z","timestamp":1776961297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent advances in microfluidics and bioelectronics for three-dimensional organoid interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8351-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 1 , 260 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 2 , 25 King Hill Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1452-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 1 , 260 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 2 , 25 King Hill Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5938-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University 3 , 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0907-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 1 , 260 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0669-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Connecticut 2 , 25 King Hill Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2026042312213056600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2236","article-title":"The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-10-29","article-title":"Advances in establishment and analysis of three-dimensional tumor spheroid-based functional assays for target validation and drug evaluation","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-020-00185-3","article-title":"Microtechnology-based methods for organoid models","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026042312213056600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175824","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI175824","article-title":"FDA modernization Act 2.0: Transitioning beyond animal models with human cells, organoids, and AI\/ML-based approaches","volume":"133","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.08.016","article-title":"Synergistic engineering: Organoids meet organs-on-a-chip","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042312213056600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.53","article-title":"Adult haematopoietic stem cell niches","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.12.005","article-title":"Engineering stem cell organoids","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010181","article-title":"Halfway between 2D and animal models: Are 3D cultures the ideal tool to study cancer-microenvironment interactions?","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300587","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300587","article-title":"The choice of ultra-low attachment plates impacts primary human and primary canine hepatocyte spheroid formation, phenotypes, and function","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-006-9001-z","article-title":"Application of hanging drop technique for stem cell differentiation and cytotoxicity studies","volume":"51","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.145.1.204","article-title":"A murine tumor producing a matrix of basement membrane","volume":"145","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"7630","key":"2026042312213056600_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20168","article-title":"Designer matrices for intestinal stem cell and organoid culture","volume":"539","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1686","article-title":"Endogenous extracellular matrices enhance human mesenchymal stem cell aggregate formation and survival","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"issue":"7652","key":"2026042312213056600_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22047","article-title":"Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids","volume":"545","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7929","key":"2026042312213056600_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05219-6","article-title":"A nomenclature consensus for nervous system organoids and assembloids","volume":"609","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","article-title":"Organoids","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042312213056600_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1499","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1499","article-title":"Organoid assessment technologies","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042312213056600_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.486666","article-title":"Quantifying the drug response of patient-derived organoid clusters by aggregated morphological indicators with multi-parameters based on optical coherence tomography","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2017.02.002","article-title":"An end-user perspective on organ-on-a-chip: Assays and usability aspects","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"7762","key":"2026042312213056600_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1289-x","article-title":"Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"570","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC00746H","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic device for sorting of tumor organoids using image recognition","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026042312213056600_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0007-6","article-title":"Organoids in cancer research","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00643-3","article-title":"Human mini-brain models","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026042312213056600_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101027","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101027","article-title":"Compressive buckling fabrication of 3D cell-laden microstructures","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026042312213056600_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabj3686","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj3686","article-title":"Complex 3D microfluidic architectures formed by mechanically guided compressive buckling","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026042312213056600_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515602112","article-title":"A mechanically driven form of Kirigami as a route to 3D mesostructures in micro\/nanomembranes","volume":"112","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC01177H","article-title":"3D printed microfluidics: Advances in strategies, integration, and applications","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101085","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101085","article-title":"Microfluidic arrays of breast tumor spheroids for drug screening and personalized cancer therapies","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042312213056600_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100161","article-title":"An automated organoid platform with inter-organoid homogeneity and inter-patient heterogeneity","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042312213056600_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00757-2","article-title":"Single-cell-resolved differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic duct-like organoids on a microwell chip","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00493C","article-title":"Recent methods of droplet microfluidics and their applications in spheroids and organoids","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026042312213056600_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7061","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00666","article-title":"Cell culture in microfluidic droplets","volume":"122","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042312213056600_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00154D","article-title":"A high-throughput microfluidic platform for functional hiPSC-derived liver organoids with bile duct- and lobule-like structures","volume":"25","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1039\/b405719h","article-title":"Differentiation-on-a-chip: A microfluidic platform for long-term cell culture studies","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA11714K","article-title":"Engineering stem cell-derived 3D brain organoids in a perfusable organ-on-a-chip system","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35619-1","article-title":"Large-scale perfused tissues via synthetic 3D soft microfluidics","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026042312213056600_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00682A","article-title":"In situ generation of human brain organoids on a micropillar array","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026042312213056600_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00869H","article-title":"In situ differentiation and generation of functional liver organoids from human iPSCs in a 3D perfusable chip system","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45710-4","article-title":"A microfluidic platform integrating functional vascularized organoids-on-chip","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116754","article-title":"A multichannel microfluidic device for revealing the neurotoxic effects of Bisphenol S on cerebral organoids under low-dose constant exposure","volume":"267","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114808","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing of oxygen metabolism for a three-dimensional cultured model with biomimetic vascular flow","volume":"219","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11178-w","article-title":"Patient-derived pancreas-on-a-chip to model cystic fibrosis-related disorders","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21201-7","article-title":"Development of a primary human small intestine-on-a-chip using biopsy-derived organoids","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042312213056600_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00535A","article-title":"Engineering neurovascular organoids with 3D printed microfluidic chips","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00921K","article-title":"HiPSC-derived multi-organoids-on-chip system for safety assessment of antidepressant drugs","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.02.015","article-title":"Probing prodrug metabolism and reciprocal toxicity with an integrated and humanized multi-tissue organ-on-a-chip platform","volume":"106","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042312213056600_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612906114","article-title":"Multisensor-integrated organs-on-chips platform for automated and continual in situ monitoring of organoid behaviors","volume":"114","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"6444","key":"2026042312213056600_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7567","article-title":"Organoids by design","volume":"364","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00804-4","article-title":"Rethinking organoid technology through bioengineering","volume":"20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026042312213056600_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01071-9","article-title":"Electro-metabolic coupling in multi-chambered vascularized human cardiac organoids","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115832","article-title":"Multimodal spatiotemporal monitoring of basal stem cell-derived organoids reveals progression of olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"246","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-025-01147-7","article-title":"Cyborg organoids integrated with stretchable nanoelectronics can be functionally mapped during development","volume":"20","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"bioRxiv:2025.03.25.645278","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.25.645278"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042312213056600_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02512","article-title":"Cyborg organoids: Implantation of nanoelectronics via organogenesis for tissue-wide electrophysiology","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042312213056600_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf9153","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf9153","article-title":"Three-dimensional, multifunctional neural interfaces for cortical spheroids and engineered assembloids","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-02081-3","article-title":"Kirigami electronics for long-term electrophysiological recording of human neural organoids and assembloids","volume":"42","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026042312213056600_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100026","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202100026","article-title":"Transparent, compliant 3D mesostructures for precise evaluation of mechanical characteristics of organoids","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115223","article-title":"A mesh microelectrode array for non-invasive electrophysiology within neural organoids","volume":"228","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.842265","article-title":"Integrated micro-devices for a lab-in-organoid technology platform: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abf290","article-title":"Bioelectrical interfaces with cortical spheroids in three-dimensions","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010014","article-title":"Self-organized nanostructure modified microelectrode for sensitive electrochemical glutamate detection in stem cells-derived brain organoids","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7030024","article-title":"Optical tracking and digital quantification of beating behavior in bioengineered human cardiac organoids","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34860-y","article-title":"A soft and ultrasensitive force sensing diaphragm for probing cardiac organoids instantaneously and wirelessly","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116752","article-title":"Real-time electro-mechanical profiling of dynamically beating human cardiac organoids by coupling resistive skins with microelectrode arrays","volume":"267","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c65","first-page":"1","article-title":"A \u03bcRadio CMOS device for real-time in-tissue monitoring of human organoids","year":"2018"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026042312213056600_c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00294B","article-title":"Protruding cantilever microelectrode array to monitor the inner electrical activity of cerebral organoids","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026042312213056600_c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c02790","article-title":"Multimodal characterization of cardiac organoids using integrations of pressure-sensitive transistor arrays with three-dimensional liquid metal electrodes","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021401","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0044653","article-title":"The role of nonlinear mechanical properties of biomimetic hydrogels for organoid growth","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042312213056600_c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13100905","article-title":"Using biosensors to study organoids, spheroids and organs-on-a-chip: A mechanobiology perspective","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262950","article-title":"Biocompatible micro tweezers for 3D hydrogel organoid array mechanical characterization","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.08.006","article-title":"Practical monitoring technologies for cells and substrates in biomanufacturing","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303444","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303444","article-title":"A modular microfluidic organoid platform using LEGO-like bricks","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026042312213056600_c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522556113","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of metabolic function in liver-on-chip microdevices tracks the dynamics of mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"113","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02245","article-title":"Three-dimensional-printed electrochemical multiwell plates for monitoring food intolerance from intestinal organoids","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24598","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24598","article-title":"Automated microfluidic platform of bead-based electrochemical immunosensor integrated with bioreactor for continual monitoring of cell secreted biomarkers","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"bioRxiv:2022.08.19.504522","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.19.504522"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026042312213056600_c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10019","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02028","article-title":"Aptamer-based microfluidic electrochemical biosensor for monitoring cell-secreted trace cardiac biomarkers","volume":"88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115081","article-title":"Probing organoid metabolism using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): The next frontier of drug discovery and disease understanding","volume":"201","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026042312213056600_c79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC06582G","article-title":"SERS microsensors for pH measurements in the lumen and ECM of stem cell derived human airway organoids","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026042312213056600_c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01110","article-title":"In-line analysis of organ-on-chip systems with sensors: Integration, fabrication, challenges, and potential","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042312213056600_c81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10090110","article-title":"Integrating biosensors in organs-on-chip devices: A perspective on current strategies to monitor microphysiological systems","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c82","first-page":"703","article-title":"Oxygen and lactate monitoring in 3D breast cancer organoid culture with sensor-integrated microfluidic platform","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026042312213056600_c83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.002","article-title":"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120904","article-title":"A scalable and sensitive steatosis chip with long-term perfusion of in situ differentiated HepaRG organoids","volume":"275","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.001911","article-title":"Autofluorescence imaging captures heterogeneous drug response differences between 2D and 3D breast cancer cultures","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026042312213056600_c86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220915827","article-title":"Comparison of cell and organoid-level analysis of patient-derived 3D organoids to evaluate tumor cell growth dynamics and drug response","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"SLAS Discov."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105608","article-title":"Liver organoid as a 3D in vitro model for drug validation and toxicity assessment","volume":"169","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"2026042312213056600_c88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2018.06.005","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids for prediction of cancer treatment response","volume":"53","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050470","article-title":"Application of cancer organoid model for drug screening and personalized therapy","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e121490","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121490","article-title":"Human primary liver cancer organoids reveal intratumor and interpatient drug response heterogeneity","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042312213056600_c91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1298-3","article-title":"Liver-tumor hybrid organoids for modeling tumor growth and drug response in vitro","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042312213056600_c92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102750","article-title":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoids: The shining light at the end of the tunnel for drug response prediction and personalized medicine","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620905183","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer-derived organoids\u2014A disease modeling tool to predict drug response","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5906","article-title":"Detecting drug resistance in pancreatic cancer organoids guides optimized chemotherapy treatment","volume":"257","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042312213056600_c95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123869","article-title":"Breast cancer organoids model patient-specific response to drug treatment","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042312213056600_c96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2402","article-title":"A three-dimensional organoid culture system derived from human glioblastomas recapitulates the hypoxic gradients and cancer stem cell heterogeneity of tumors found in vivo","volume":"76","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026042312213056600_c97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10092","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02075","article-title":"A microfluidic chip-based automated system for whole-course monitoring the drug responses of organoids","volume":"96","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02172-2","article-title":"Generation of complex bone marrow organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"21","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"7986","key":"2026042312213056600_c99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06713-1","article-title":"iPS-cell-derived microglia promote brain organoid maturation via cholesterol transfer","volume":"623","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042312213056600_c100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0046-7","article-title":"Human brain organoids on a chip reveal the physics of folding","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026042312213056600_c101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC01298A","article-title":"Engineering human islet organoids from iPSCs using an organ-on-chip platform","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042312213056600_c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24669","article-title":"Functional brain connectivity changes across the human life span: From fetal development to old age","volume":"99","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0500-7","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: Brain organoids coming of age","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc20060","article-title":"Long-term expansion of functional human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042312213056600_c105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10641","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10641","article-title":"AI-organoid integrated systems for biomedical studies and applications","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70016","DOI":"10.1002\/smm2.70016","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for organoids multidimensional assessment","volume":"6","year":"2025","journal-title":"SmartMat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042312213056600_c107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030128","article-title":"Bioinspired stimuli-responsive materials for soft actuators","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026042312213056600_c108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC01084B","article-title":"Human brain organoid-on-a-chip to model prenatal nicotine exposure","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"}],"container-title":["Biomicrofluidics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/bmf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0306055\/20983841\/021502_1_5.0306055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/bmf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0306055\/20983841\/021502_1_5.0306055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:21:44Z","timestamp":1776961304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/bmf\/article\/20\/2\/021502\/3387859\/Recent-advances-in-microfluidics-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0306055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-1058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-1058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"article-number":"021502"}}