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A well-studied example is the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which forms two stable capsid morphologies both in vivo and in vitro. These capsids differ in diameter, containing either 90 or 120 protein dimers. Experiments have shown that their relative prevalence depends on the ionic conditions of the solution during assembly. We developed a model that incorporates salt effects by altering the intermolecular binding free energy between capsid proteins, thereby shifting the relative thermodynamic stability of the two morphologies. This model reproduces experimental results on the prevalence ratios of the large and small HBV capsids. We also constructed a kinetic model that captures the time-dependent ratio of the two morphologies under subcritical capsid concentrations, consistent with experimental data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0306971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:52:52Z","timestamp":1767610372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thermodynamic stability and kinetic control of capsid morphologies in hepatitis B virus"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8269-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California 1 , Riverside, California 92521,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana Martin","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California 2 , Riverside, California 92521,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California 2 , Riverside, California 92521,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"van der Schoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology 3 , Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California 1 , Riverside, California 92521,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California 2 , Riverside, California 92521,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010505524891100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8079765","volume":"113","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. 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