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Even for the osmium monoxide (OsO) molecule, the ground electronic state has been posing a considerable challenge for both theoretical and experimental investigations so far. Here, we report the observation and identification of the electronic states of OsO in low energy through laser-induced fluorescence and dispersed fluorescence spectra. There are six excitation bands rotationally resolved in the energy range of 15\u2009000\u201323\u2009100\u00a0cm\u22121, thus enabling the determination of the ground X3\u03a02 state and the rotational constants in the upper and lower states. The spin\u2013orbit splitting and vibrational frequency of the ground state and three low-lying \u03a9 states are obtained from the emission spectra. In addition, by performing high-level ab\u00a0initio calculations, we obtained detailed spectroscopic properties for numerous \u039b-S and \u03a9 electronic states below 25\u2009000\u00a0cm\u22121, which support the spectral assignments derived from experimental measurements. The results provide quantitative evidence for the significant relativistic effect on the bonding of OsO, as well as a foundation for describing its electronic structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0322917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:38:37Z","timestamp":1775039917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The ground and low-lying electronic states of OsO"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2819-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Lanzhou 730000,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2 , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenli","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University 3 , Xi\u2019an 710127,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers 4 , Xi\u2019an 710127,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhuang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Lanzhou 730000,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University 5 , Lanzhou 730070,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Lanzhou 730000,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2 , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University 5 , Lanzhou 730070,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Lanzhou 730000,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory 6 , Huizhou 516003,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040106383424700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55977-w","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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