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This study uses molecular dynamics to perform a comprehensive mode-resolved analysis of the low-frequency spectrum of water, decomposing it into individual translational and rotational components, and investigates how ionic concentration, confinement, surface charge, and surface oscillations modulate the spectral intensity of the peaks and their corresponding frequencies. The reported results reveal a distinct spectroscopic signature associated with the sign\u00a0of surface charge polarity that suggests a potential practical route for experimentally inferring surface charge identity from interfacial experimental spectroscopic measurements. It also demonstrates that surface-driven perturbations\u2014particularly at or near 50cm\u22121\u2014couple most strongly to the translational modes, while their additional energy dissipates quickly along translational and librational modes. This paper increases the fundamental understanding of the dynamics of water in various local environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0323450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1777037202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water at low frequencies: Vibrational decomposition reveals spectral fingerprints of surface charge and dynamic surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3122-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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