{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:46:13Z","timestamp":1791899173208,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["T2525029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2525029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["T2450058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2450058"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Investigating the structural evolution of the benefits of high-temperature molten liquids using in situ x-ray transmission measurements with sufficient optical path length and stable temperature control. However, in horizontal beam geometries widely used in laboratories and at synchrotron x-ray facilities, severe wetting and lateral spreading of melts on solid substrates drastically reduce the effective transmission thickness, posing a fundamental limitation to data quality. To address this challenge, a compact, atmosphere-controlled laser-heating platform is developed with a thermocouple-assisted active geometry modulation strategy. Through controlled interaction between the thermocouple probe and the melt, surface tension is exploited to lift the liquid into a stable liquid-bridge configuration, transforming an unfavorable spreading morphology into an optimized vertical transmission cross section while simultaneously enabling direct in situ temperature measurement. The platform integrates a triple-fiber incoherently combined laser head for high optical power density, a closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative temperature control system with steady-state thermocouple-signal fluctuations within \u00b10.2\u2009\u00b0C up to 1200\u2009\u00b0C, and an atmosphere-controlled chamber coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer for evolved gas analysis. This integrated design enables synchronous acquisition of structural information and chemical reaction under fully molten, non-equilibrium conditions. The performance of the system is demonstrated by in situ x-ray diffraction and gas analysis during firing and vitrification of a multi-component Pb\u2013Ba silicate precursor, where carbonate decomposition, melting, and amorphization are directly correlated in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0327079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:51:57Z","timestamp":1791895917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated laser heating stage with active geometry modulation for simultaneous\n                    <i>in situ<\/i>\n                    x-ray transmission and evolved gas analysis of molten liquids"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8127-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Ang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]},{"name":"2 Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8429-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenqi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5893-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7201-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenchang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2689-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renshu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE), ShanghaiTech University 4 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8252-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE), ShanghaiTech University 4 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuerong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE), ShanghaiTech University 4 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Straight Laser Technology Co., Ltd. 5 , Xi\u2019an 710076,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8227-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu-Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University 1 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE), ShanghaiTech University 4 , Shanghai 201210,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2026101308515467800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.isijint-2021-100","volume":"61","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101308515467800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.isijint-2022-513","volume":"63","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.11.050183.000451","volume":"11","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308515467800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852905","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/852905","volume":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Scholarly Res. Not."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026101308515467800_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.87.224201","volume":"87","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"6161","key":"2026101308515467800_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/332251a0","volume":"332","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uoaf088","DOI":"10.1093\/bulcsj\/uoaf088","volume":"98","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308515467800_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00366-8","volume":"4","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308515467800_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2014.78.2","volume":"78","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.182195","volume":"1037","year":"2025","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101308515467800_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1080\/01418610008216497","volume":"80","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.55.483","volume":"55","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308515467800_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3390\/min11080789","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308515467800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1467-4866-11-4","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochem. Trans."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2013.03.035","volume":"383","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/23746149.2017.1357498","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Phys.: X"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1154\/s0376030800001543","volume":"5","year":"1961","journal-title":"Adv. X-Ray Anal."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101308515467800_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1107\/s1600577521009231","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Synchrotron Radiat."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308515467800_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1602157","volume":"83","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2015.1059835","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"High Pressure Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101308515467800_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056103","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.5.056103","volume":"55","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/jstqe.2005.850241","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1117\/12.580850","article-title":"High-power fiber lasers and amplifiers","volume":"5620","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824115","DOI":"10.1117\/12.901945","article-title":"Experimental studies for improvement of thermal effects in a high-power fiber-coupled diode laser module operating at 808 nm","volume":"8241","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101308515467800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.273","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101308515467800_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13240","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.16.013240","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308515467800_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3103\/s1068798x25701552","volume":"45","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101308515467800_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-017-3114-8","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.43.2561","volume":"43","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.09.235","article-title":"Dynamic and static corrosion of alpha-alumina bonded refractory in contact with molten soda-lime-silica (SLS) glass","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceramics International"},{"issue":"06","key":"2026101308515467800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2017.116","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308515467800_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"083103","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0150091","volume":"94","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033904","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0179989","volume":"95","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95880F","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2193680","article-title":"Large-area Kapton x-ray windows","volume":"9588","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101308515467800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1107\/s0909049507042409","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Synchrotron Radiat."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308515467800_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/adnd.1993.1013","volume":"54","year":"1993","journal-title":"At. Data Nucl. Data Tables"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.229030","volume":"477","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Power Sources"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101308515467800_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1791851","volume":"75","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101308515467800_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1039\/d4lc00637b","volume":"25","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308515467800_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-021-06171-2","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.08.053","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308515467800_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s40799-022-00599-w","volume":"47","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Tech."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026101308515467800_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9989","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249989","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12030241","volume":"12","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120409","volume":"551","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308515467800_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0331048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331048","volume":"20","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2016.04.003","volume":"21","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cult. Heritage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02914905","volume":"27","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308515467800_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(01)00757-2","volume":"386","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.081","volume":"124","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2018.07.004","volume":"120","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308515467800_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1107\/s1600577522000996","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Synchrotron Radiat."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308515467800_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1107\/s1600577524003539","volume":"31","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Synchrotron Radiat."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308515467800_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1107\/s160057752300454x","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Synchrotron Radiat."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308515467800_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1107\/s0021889807025113","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Crystallogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101308515467800_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033103","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0128211","volume":"94","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2026101308515467800_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3093(99)00620-1","volume":"263\u2013264","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Non-Cryst. Solids"}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0327079\/21169433\/105202_1_5.0327079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0327079\/21169433\/105202_1_5.0327079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:51:58Z","timestamp":1791895918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/97\/10\/105202\/3406449\/Integrated-laser-heating-stage-with-active"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0327079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"105202"}}